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101. Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having an RBE of 1.0 ?
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102. If an individual receives 50 mR while standing 4 ft. from a source of radiation for 2 min., which of the following option(s) will most effectively reduce his or her radiation exposure to that source of radiation?
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Lange Ch. 3

QuestionAnswer
101. Which of the following ionizing radiations is described as having an RBE of 1.0 ? Diagnostic x-rays
102. If an individual receives 50 mR while standing 4 ft. from a source of radiation for 2 min., which of the following option(s) will most effectively reduce his or her radiation exposure to that source of radiation? Standing 8 ft. from the source for 2 mins.
103. An optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter contains which of the following detectors? Aluminum oxide
104. How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects? They reduce the effect of radiation exposure, they permit cellular repair, they allow tissue recovery
105. The photoelectric effect is an interaction between an x-ray photon and an inner-shell electron
106. Filters used in radiographic x-ray tubes generally are composed of aluminum
107. All of the following function to reduce patient dose, except a high-speed grid
108. In the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss
109. All of the following radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship, except leukemia
110. Which of the following may be used to express exposure in air? Gy
111. The purpose of filters in a film badge is to measure radiation quality
112. How many HVLs are required to reduce the intensity of a beam of monoenergetic photons to less that 15% of its original value? 3
113. Which of the following has (have) an effect on the amount and type of radiation-induced tissue damage? quality of radiation, type of tissue being irradiated, fractionation
114. Radiation dose to personnel is reduced by which of the following exposure control cord guildlines? Exposure cords on fixed equipment must be very short, exposure cords on mobile equipment should be fairly long
115. Primary radiation barriers must be at least how high? 7 ft. (2.1 m)
116. Which of the following body parts is/are included in whole-body dose? gonads, blood-forming organs
117. Which of the following projections would deliver the largest thyroid dose? AP skull
118. Which of the following personnel monitoring devices used in diagnostic radiography is considered to be the most sensitive and accurate? OSL dosimeter
119. Irradiation of macromolecules in vitro can result in cleaved chromosome, cross-linking, mutation
120. Which of the following radiation situations is potentially the most harmful? a large dose to the whole body all at one time
121. How much protection is provided from a 100-kVp x-ray beam when using a 0.50-mm lead equivalent apron? 75%
122. Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is likely that an individual will receive more than what fraction of the annual dose limit? (1/10)
123. The interaction illustrated in figure 3-5 (pg. 140) can pose a safety hazard to personnel, can have a negative impact on image quality
124. Biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions? anoxic
125. Which of the following cells are the most radiosensitive? erythroblasts
126. Which of the following statements regarding the pregnant radiographer is are/true? she should declare her pregnancy to her supervisor, she should be assigned a second personnel monitor, her radiation history should be reviewed
127. Effects of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) irradiation include mitotic delay, reproductive death, chromosome breakage
128. Which of the following contributes most to the patient dose? the photoelectric effect
129. Which of the following statements is/are true with respect to the dose-response curve shown in figure 3-6? The quantity of radiation is directly related to the dose received, a minimum amount of radiation is required for manifestation of effects
130. The classifications of acute radiation syndrome include all of the following, except neonatal
131. In the production of characteristic radiation at the tungsten target, the incident electron ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron
132. Which of the following defines the gonadal dose that, if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same total genetic effect on that population as the actual doses received by each of the individuals? genetically significant dose
133. If an exposure dose of 1.5 mGy/h is delivered from a distance of 3 ft, what would be the dose delivered after 20 mins at a distance of 5 ft. from the source? 0.18 mGy
134. The term effective dose refers to whole-body dose
135. Which of the following is/are possible long-term somatic effects of radiation exposure? cataractogenesis, embryologic effects
136. The operation of personal radiation monitoring can be based on stimulated luminescence. Which of the following personal radiation monitors function(s) in that manner? OSL dosimeter, TLD
137. If a patient received 0.014 Gy during a 7-min fluoroscopic examination, what was the dose rate? 0.002 mGy/min
138. The least radiosensitive stage of human cell mitosis is S
139. Which interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule involves formation of a free radical? indirect effect
140. The single most important scattering object in both radiography and fluoroscopy is the patient
141. All of the following statements regarding TLDs are true except after x-ray exposure, TLDs emit heat in response to stimulation by light
142. A student radiographer who is younger than 18 years must not receive an annual occupational dose of greater than 1mSv
143. Sources of medical radiation exposure include computed tomography
144. Which of the following is/are likely to improve image quality and decrease patient dose? beam restriction
145. Protective devices such as lead aprons function to protect the user from scattered radiation
146. Which of the following radiation protection concepts/measures apply to mobile radiography? The radiographer should be at least 6 ft. from the patient and the x-ray tube during the exposure, the least amount of scattered radiation is perpendicular to the scattering object, at least one lead apron should be assigned to each mobile unit
147. Examples of late efforts of ionizing radiation on humans include leukemia, local tissue damage, malignant disease
148. Which of the following can be an effective means of reducing radiation exposure? barriers, distance, time
149. The effects of radiation on biologic material depend on several factors. If a large quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a short period of time, the effect will be greater than if it were delivered in increments
150. Which of the following cell types has the greatest radiosensitivity in the adult human? lymphocytes
151. What minimum total amount of filtration (inherent plus added) is required in x-ray equipment operated above 70 kVp? 2.5 - mm Al equivalent
152. The dose of radiation that will cause a noticeable skin reaction is referred to as the SED
153. What is the intensity of scattered radiation perpendiculat to and 1 m from a patient compared with the useful beam at the patient's surface? 0.1%
154. Some patients, such as infants and children, are unable to maintain the necessary radiographic position without assistance. If mechanical restraining devices cannot be used, who of the following should be the first choice to help immobilizethepatient Patient's father
155. A controlled area is defined as one that is occupied by people trained in radiation safety, that is occupied by people who wear radiation monitors, whose occupancy factor is 1
156. Which of the following terms refers to the period between conception and birth? gestation
157. Somatic effects resulting from radiation exposure can have possible consequences on the exposed individual, cause temporary infertility
158. If the image intensifier is moved farther from the patient SID increases
159. In which type of monitoring device do photons release electrons by their interaction with air? Pocket dosimeter
160. The advantages of beam restriction include which of the following? less scattered radiation is produced, less biologic material is irradiated
161. The person responsible for ascertaining that all radiation guidelines are adhered to and that personnel understand and use radiation safety measures is the radiation safety officer
162. The dose- response curve that appears to be valid for genetic and some somatic effects is the linear, nonthreshold
163. Which of the following statements regarding the human gonadal cells is/are true? The female oogonia reproduce only during fetal life, the male spermatogonia reproduce continuously
164. With milliampers (mA) increased to maintain output intensity, how is the ESE affected as the source-to-skin distance (SSD) is increased? The ESE decreases
165. The primary function of filtration is to reduce patient skin dose
166. Which of the following factors can affect the amount or the nature of radiation damage to biologic tissue? radiation quality, absorbed dose, size irradiated area
167. Examples of stochastic/probabilistic effects of radiation exposure include radiation-induced malignancy, genetic effects, leukemia
168. Which of the following tissues is/are considered to be particularly radiosensitive? intestinal mucous membrane
169. Which of the following groups of technical factors will deliver the least amount of exposure to the patient? 400 mA, 0.25 s, 100 kVp
170. If the exposure rate to an individual standing 4.0 m from a source of radiation is 0.7 mGy/h, what will be the dose received after 20 min at a distance of 6 m from the source? 0.103 mGy/h
171. Which of the following projections is most likely to deliver the largest dose to the ovaries? AP lumbar spine, 14 x 17 in. IR, 80 kVp
172. Under what circumstances a radiographer might be required to wear two dosimeters? during pregnancy, while performing vascular procedures
173. What quantity of radiation exposure to the reproductive organs is required to cause temporary infertility? 2 Gy
174. Which of the following personnel radiation monitors will provide an immediate reading? Pocket dosimeter
175. Biologic material irradiated under hypoxic conditions is less sensitive than when irradiated under oxygenated conditions
176. Which of the dose-response curves shown in Figure 3-7 is representative of radiation-induced skin erythema? (pg. 146) Dose-response curve C
177. If the exposure rate at 91 cm from the fluoroscopic table is 1.5 mGy/h, what will be the exposure rate for 30 min at a distance of 152cm from the table? 0.27 mGy
178. Lead aprons are worn during fluoroscopy to protect the radiographer from exposure to radiation from Compton scatter
179. Radiation that passes through the tube housing in directions other than that of the useful beam is termed as leakage radiation
180. The presence of ionizing radiation may be detected in which of the following ways? Ionizing effect on air, photographic effect on film emulsion, fluorescent effect on certain crystals
181. Possible responses to irradiation in utero include spontaneous abortion, congenital anomalies, childhood malignancies
182. What should be the radiographer's main objective regarding personal radiation safety? To keep personal exposure as far below the dose limit as possible
183. Referring to the nomogram in Figure 3-8, what is the approximate patient ESE from a particular projection made at 105 cm using 110 kVp, 300 mA, 5ms, and 2.5 mm Al total filtration? (pg. 147) 18 mGy
184. If the exposure rate to a body standing 7 ft. from a radiation source is 1.5 mGy, what will be the dose to that body at a distance of 8 ft from the source in 30 min? 0.57 mGy
185. Which of the following types of radiation is/are considered electromagnetic? x-ray, gamma
186. Which of the following features of fluoroscopic equipment is/are designed especially to eliminate unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient and/ or personnel? bucky slot cover, exposure switch/foot pedal, cumulative exposure timer
187. Radiation output from a diagnostic x-ray tube is measured in which of the following units of measurement? air kerma
188. Which of the following is/are considered especially radiosensitive tissues? bone marrow, intestinal crypt cells, erythroblasts
189. Which of the following safeguard is/are taken to prevent inadvertent irradiation in early pregnancy? patient postings, patient questionnaire, elective booking
190. The interaction between x-ray photons and tissue that is responsible for radiographic contrast but that also contributes significantly to patient dose is the photoelectric effect
191. Which of the following is/are acceptable way(s) to monitor the radiation exposure of those who are occupationally employed? TLD, OSL dosimeter
192. The genetic dose of radiation borne by each member of the reproductive population is called the genetically significant dose
193. According to the NCRP, the pregnant radiographer's gestational dose-equivalent limit for a 1-month period is 0.5 mSV
194. What percentage of the SID must the collimator light and actual irradiated area be accurate? 2%
195. The correct way(s) to check for cracks in lead aprons is/are to fluoroscope them once a year
196. The target theory applies to DNA molecules
197. Which of the following is/are features of fluoroscopic equipment designed especially to eliminate unnecessary radiation to patient and/or personnel? protective curtain, filtration, collimation
198. Which of the following has/have been identified as source(s) of radon exposure? (indoors, in houses), (smoking cigarettes)
199. The skin response to radiation exposure, which appears as reddening of the irradiated skin area, is known as erythema
200. The biologic effect on an individual depends on which of the followings? type of tissue interaction(s), amount of interactions, biologic differences
*1. Tabletop exposure rate during fluoro shall not exceed 21mGya/min at 80kVp
2. According to the NCRP the gestational dose equivalent limit for the embryo/fetus of a pregnant radiographer is 0.5mSv
3. A time of 1.5min is required for a particular fluoro exam, whose exposure rate is 150mGua/h. What is the approximate radiation exposure for the radiologic staff present in the fluoro room during examination 3.75mGya
4. Stochastic/probabilistic effects of radiation are those that may be described as all or nothing, are late effects
5. What percentage of public exposure to ionizing radiation is from medical resources 50%
6. Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested during the life of the exposed individual
7. Guidelines for the use of protective shielding state that gonadal shielding should be used If the patient has reasonable reproductive potential. When the gonads are within 5cm of the collimated field
8. Interaction between ionization radiation and the target molecule that is most likely to occur is the indirect effect
9. Increasing field size, while leaving technical factors unchanged will increase DAP
10. Unit used to express kinetic energy released in matter is the kerma
11. Which acute radiation syndrome requires the largest exposure before the associated effects become apparent CNS
12. What is the establishes annual occupational dese equivalent limit for the extremities 500mSv
13. Occupational radiation monitoring is required when it is possible that the individual might receive more than 5mSv
14. sources of natural background radiation contributing to whole-body radiation dose include terrestrial and internal nucleotides
15.Irradiation of water molecules within the body and their resulting breakdown is termed as radiolysis
16. Diagnostic x-radiation are correctly described as Low energy Low let
Which of the following is/are used to count for the differences in tissue characteristics when determining effective dose to biologic material tissue weighting factors Wt
18. Xray interaction with matter that is responsible for the majority of scattered radiation reaching the image receptor is Compton scatter
19.The Exposure rate to a body 1.2m from the source of radiation is 53mGyah. which of the following distances would best decrease the exposure to 6mGya/h 4m
20. Types of secondary radiation barriers include control booth, lead aprons, x-ray tube housing.
21. Late radiation-induced somatic effect include Thyroid cancer, cataractogenesis, genetic mutations
22. Each time an x-ray beam scatters, its intensity at 1m from the scattering object is what fraction of its original intensity 1/1000
23. The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are Highly proliferative, immature
24. A thermo luminescent dosimetry system would use which of the following crystals lithium fluoride
25. Sources of secondary radiation include leakage and scatter radiation
26.All of the following have an effect on patient dose; except focal spot size
27. The photoelectric effect is more likely to occur with absorbers having a high Z number. Positive contrast media
28. An increase in total filtration of the xray beam will increase beam HVL
29. In radiation protection, the product of absorbed dose, tissue weighting factor and radiation weighting factor is used to determine EfD
30. which of the following id recommended for the pregnant radiographer wear a second dosimeter under the lead apron
31. The annual dose limit for medical imaging personnel includes radiation from occupational exposure
32. Which of the following anomalies is are possible if an exposure dose of 400 mGy (40 rad) were delivered to a pregnant uterus in the 3rd week of pregnancy organ anomaly
33. If a quantity of ionizing radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time, the effect will be less than if were delivered all at one time
34. Moving the image intensifier closer to the patient during fluoroscopy decrease patient dose. Improves image quality. Decrease SID
35. Composed of non-dividing, differentiated cells Neurons and neuroglia
36. How does filtration affect the primary beam It increases the average energy of the primary beam
37. What is he minimum lead requirement for lead aprons, according to the NCRP 0.50mm Pb equivalent
38. The most radiosensitive portion of the GI tract is the small bowel
39. Immature cells are referred to as undifferentiated cells. Stem cells
40. What is the termed used to described x-ray photon interaction with matter and the transference of part of the photons energy to matter scattering
41. Advantages of anatomic compression during imaging include decreased patient dose. improved contrast resolution. improved spatial resolution
42. to be in compliance with radiation safety standards, the fluoroscopy exposure switch must be the "dead-man" type
43. Any wall that the useful xray beam can be directed towards is called a primary barrier
44. The annual dose limit for occupationally exposed individuals valid for beta,x-, and gamma radiations
45. the interaction between x-ray photons and matter shown in 3-1 us assicuated with an inner shell electron and photoelectric effect
46. Patient dose increases as fluoroscopic FOV decreases
47. Types of gonadal shielding include which of the following flat contact. Shaped contact (co
48. Unit of measure that express ionizing radiation dose to biological material Sv
49. LET is best defined as method of expressing radiation quality. A measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transferred to soft tissue
50. For Exposure to 10mGy of each of the following ionizing radiations, which would result in the greatest dose to the individual internal source of alpha particles
51. Skin expose to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss in known as epilation
52. Types of structural damage to a DNA molecule by ionizing radiation include which of the following Single & double side rail scission, and cross linking
53. the reduction in the intensity of an x-ray beam as it passes through material is termed attenuation
54. which type if dose-response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects linear, nonthreshold
55. A dose of 250 mGy (25rad) to the fetus during the 7th or 8th week of pregnancy is likely to cause which of the following neurologic anomalies
56. late effects of radiation, whose incidence is done related and for which there is no threshold dose, are referred to as stochastic/probabilistic
57. which of the following is used to illustrate the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and possible resultant biologic responses dose-response curve
58. Classify the following tissues in order of increasing radio sensitivity liver cells, intestinal crypt cells, muscle cells
59. the largest amount of a diagnostic x-ray absorption is most likely to occur in which of the following tissues Bone
60. According to NCRP regulations, leakage radiation from the x-ray tube must not exceed 1.0 mGya/h (10mR/h)
61. Patient dose during fluoro is affected by the distance between the patient and the input phosphor. amount of magnification, tissue density
62. which of the following statements is are true with respect to radiation safety in fluoro tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 21mGya/min/mA. Tabletop radiation intensity must not exceed 10mGya/min. In high-level fluoro, table top intensity should be up to 200mGya/min
63. The symbols 130/56 Ba and 138/56 Ba are examples of isotopes
64. Which of the following accounts for an xray beams heterogeneity Incident electrons interacting with several layers of tungsten target atoms. Energy differences among incident electrons. Electrons moving to fill different shell vacancis
65. Which of the following factors will affect noth the quality and the quiantity of the primary beam Half-value layer and kV
66. which of the following contributes mi9st to occupational exposure Compton scatter
67. primary radiation barriers usually require which thikness of shielding 1/16 inch lead
68. which of the following groups of technical factors will deliver the least patient dose 600mA. 30 ms, 90kVp
69. for radiographic examinations of the skull, it is generally preferred that the skull be examined in the PA projection
70. According to the NCRP, the annual occupational dose-equivalent limit to the thyroid, skin, and extremities is 500mSv
71. the average annual patient dose from medical imaging procedures in 1990 was 0.6mSc in 2017 the average annual patient dose is 3.2mSv
72. Which of the dose-response curve shown in figure 3-2 illustrated a linear threshold response to radiation exposure dose response curve
73.8The NCRP recommends an annual effective occupational dose equi9valent limit of 50mSv
74. Formula is a representation of the inverse square law of radiation used to determine x-ray intensity at different distances I1/I2/D22/D21
75. An increase f 1.0-mm added aluminum filtration of the x-ray beam would have which of the following effects Increase in average energy of the beam
76. Aluminum filtration has its greatest effects on Low-energy x-ray photons
77. the amount of time that x-rays are being produced and directed toward a particular wall is referred to the use factor
78. the operation of personnel radiation monitoring device can depend on which of the following Ionization. Luminescence. Thermoluminescence
79. which of the following results from restriction of the xray beam less scattered radiation production and less patient hazard
80. How will x-ray photon intensity be affected if source-to-image distance SID is doubled its intensity decreases four times
81. Early symptoms of acute radiation syndrome include Leukopenia. Nausea & vomiting
82. figure3-3 82. figure3-3
83. Unit measurement used to express occupational exposure is Sv
84. which of the following refers to a regular program od evaluation that ensure the proper functioning of xray equipment, thereby protecting both radiation workers and patients quality control
85. Bucky slot cover is in place to protect the fluoroscopist and technologist
86. which type of personnel radiation monitor can provide an immediate reading ionization chamber
87. Which of the following terms is correctly used to describe x-ray beam quality HVL
88. The most effective type of shielding for anterior and lateral male gonadal protection during fluoro is shaped contact (contour)
89. Isotopes are atoms that have the same atomic number but a different mass number
90. If the ESE for a particular exposure is 1.1 mGy, what will be the intensity of the scattered beam perpendicular to and 1m from the patient 0.001mGy
91. the likely hood of adverse radiation effects to any radiographer whose dose is kept below the recommended guideline is very remote
92. Factors that contribute to the amount of scattered radiation produced include radiation quality and field size
93. the SSD in mobile fluroro must be a minimum of 30cm
94. The automatic exposure device that is located immediately under the xray table is the ionization chamber
95.According to the NCRP, the annual occupational whole-body dose equivalent limit is 50mSv
96.It is necessary to question a female patient if childbearing age regarding her date of last menstrual period. possibility of being pregnant
97. figure 3-4 97. figure 3-4
98. what is the effect on RBE as LET increases as LET increases, RBE increases
99. Which of the following would most likely result in the greatest skin dose Short SID
100. Which of the following radiation-induced conditions most likely to have the longest latent period leukemia
Created by: radbest2020
 

 



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