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PERCEPTION
psychology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how do artists use height in the visual field? | larger objects are closer- Higher in the visual field: the closer an object is to the horizon, the further away it is. |
| Explain how taste perception is influenced by age, genetics (supertasters) | as a young child your receptors are very strong and treat bitter and sour things as "harmful" as you grow these senses become more common as your taste buds become less sensitive. |
| Explain how the Ames room illusion works. | While the room appears square-shaped from the viewer's perspective, it is actually has a trapezoidal shape. this illusion makes our brain is trying to interpret what we see and make sense of the world around us. |
| How does brightness and shape constancy work? | shape constancy is to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of its orientation or the angle from which we view it, brightness constancy is viewing objects as having the same level of brightness even though the level of lighting change. |
| What are perceptual constancies? | Things that seem to change although they stay the same |
| How is perceptual set affected in vision by past experience, context, culture, motivation and emotional state? | perceptual set is manipulated by past experience, context, culture, motivation and emotional state as you will have an expectation as to what you will expect and if it is different it changes the way you perceptual set is. |
| What is a perceptual set? | a readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way |
| binocular depth cues | stimuli that enable us to judge depth using both eyes |
| sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment- receiving information from the 5 senses |
| How does convergence and retinal disparity work as binocular depth cues? | convergence is when your 2 eyes move inwards as the object gets closer retinal disparity is the difference between the two eyes |
| How does accommodation and pictorial depth cues work as monocular depth cues? | Accommodation is the process where the eye controls the focus of an object in order to be seen both in a short or long distance. Pictorial depth cues are any information conveyed to the observer of a 2d image that gives the impression of 3d image |
| Explain relative size (pictorial cue). How is it different to size constancy. | size constancy is knowing that the actual size of the object doesn't change even if it appears smaller due to being farther away. Relative size refers to you knowing that one object is farther away compared to another because it appears smaller. |
| monocular depth cues | stimuli that enable us to judge depth using only one eye |
| Why do we need depth cues? | We judge difference to see a three dimensional world. |
| how does closure, similarity, proximity, and figure ground work as gestalt principles? | they fill in the blanks and make sence to the picture |
| What does Gestalt mean? | help us to construct a meaningful whole for an assortment of parts or elements (similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order) |
| what is the difference between rods and cones? | rods- are for vision when its darker cones- are for when it is bright |
| interpretation | when we represent and understand the stimuli. |
| Transmission | sending information in the form of electrical impulses along the optic nerve to the brain. |
| Transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. |
| reception | process of receiving the information |
| Perception | the process of organising and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognise meaningful objects and events |
| What is synaesthesia? Give some examples. | synaesthesia is when your senses are cross-wired, when the here certain things you might taste something completely different or you may hear sounds while also seeing them as colourful swirls. |
| Explain how taste works? | Our sensation of taste starts with the smells around us that stimulate nerves in a small area located high in the nose. The sweet, sour, or other smells stimulate the brain and affect the actual flavour of the foods we eat. |
| What is a visual illusion? | A visual illusion consistent misinterpretation of real sensory information |
| Explain how the muller lyer illusion works from a psychological perspective. | our brains perceive the depths of the two shafts based upon depth cues. When the fins are pointing in toward the shaft of the line, we perceive it as sloping away much like the corner of a buildin |
| How are flavour and taste different? | Taste refers to our five sensitivities — sweet, sour, salt, bitter, and umami, while the flavour is a sense involving smell, texture, and expectation. |
| What is flavour? | flavour is the brains expectation of what the food should taste like. |
| what are the 5 tastes? | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (savory) |
| What is an ambiguous figure? | a visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its identity or structure |
| Visual information is transmitted from the retina to the appropriate lobe in the brain via the _______ nerve. | optic |
| The human eye responds to | electromagnetic energy |
| The cornea is the part of the eye that is responsible for | bending light rays as they enter the eye. |
| Cones are the specialised photoreceptors in the retina that | are necessary for daylight vision and visual acuity. |
| the fovea or macula contains | only cones. |
| The expansion and contraction of the pupil is controlled by the | iris |
| As light travels through the eye, it must pass- | cornea-----pupil------lens--------retina |
| When considering the two types of photoreceptors, ____________________ are ____________________ sensitive to ____________________ light, and hence are important for night vision. | rods; more; dim |
| When an image appears on the back of the retina, it is | reversed and upside down |
| what does the lens do? | it is changes its shape through the action of the ciliary muscle it changes its shape to help focus near and distant objects it works with the cornea to focus light on the back of the eye |
| taste buds are located in the ____________ and ____________ with age | tongue---- decrease |
| Taste needs other senses to operate fully. Which is the most important other sense in helping us to taste | smelling |
| A tastant is | a dissolved chemical that can be tasted. |
| what are the tastes? | sweet, sour, salt, umami, bitter |
| Supertasters are | equipped with 2-3 times more intense taste than normal tasters |
| A taste aversion | is learned though a past experience with a particular food that has made the individual ill |
| Red coloured foods are more likely to be interpreted as | sweet |
| What is the most important cue in judging taste ? | colour |
| Synaesthesia is likely to be caused by | more or different neural connections |
| An example of synaesthesia would be | tasting a word before you say it |
| David had the same referee in each of his 15 basketball games this season. The referee always wears the same striped top. When David sees the referee at the beach wearing just his board shorts, David knows him, but doesn't know how. what factor is this. | past experience and context |
| What is the most important feature of the Ames room that creates the illusion? | the slated walls |
| Five-year-old Jack was lost in the supermarket and could not find his father. At one point he thought he had found him because he saw a man in a suit with a briefcase in his hand.The factor that may have influenced Jack’s perception is | perceptual set |
| Muller-Lyer illusion <---> (a) >---< (b) The Müller-Lyer illusion. According to the apparent distance hypothesis, Line A appears to be _____________ Line B | closer |
| the Ames room occurs because | The illusion occurs because size constancy is not maintained. |
| Although the two lines in the Muller-Lyer illusion are ______________ length, the line with the outward- directed angles at each end is perceived to be _______________ than the line with the inward-directed angles at each end | equal; longer |
| For the Ames room illusion to occur, the Ames room must | have one back corner that is further away from the viewer than the other back corner. |
| in the Müller-Lyer illusion | the shapes placed at the ends of each of the lines result in a change in the retinal image of the line. |
| As Allison watches a bus leaving a bus stop, she perceives it as staying the same size as it gets further and further away.This perceptual experience is an example of | visual size constancy. |
| look down a road at buildings receding into the distance.Building closer to u see details of the bricks, he cant see fine detail on buildings that are far. perception of the detail of the bricks, his depth perception by providing a _____ cue called___ | monocular; texture gradient |
| in one painting, two fence lines converge as they recede into the distance. This depth cue is known as | linear perspective. |
| The fact that we see a truck at some distance as large, even though the size of the image that it casts upon the retina is relatively small, is an illustration of the principle of | size constancy. |
| Ricky uses relative size to convey depth. what is a description of relative size? | Object casting larger retinal image seen as being closer than similar object casting smaller retinal image |
| You perceive a book as having the same shape whether you see it from the side or the front. This is an example of | perceptual constancy |
| When Isabella rides her bike in the backyard, she perceives the back door as a rectangle no matter where she is in the yard. She can do this because of the processes associated with | shape constancy. |
| Why don't we perceive an approaching train as really increasing in size? | size constancy |
| What 3 pictorial cues have been used in the painting of the poppies in the field? | linear perspective, height in the visual field, texture gradient |
| THISSENTENCEISDIFFICULTTOREADBECAUSEOFTHELACKOFSPACES. The sentence above would be easier to read if the Gestalt principle of ____________________ was used to help readers separate the different words from each other. | proximity |
| Camouflaging occurs because | the figure is similar to the ground. |
| To interpret the stimulus as a surfboard, participants had to fill in gaps to create a complete image. This process is an example of the Gestalt principle of | closure. |
| Accommodation is an example of a ___________depth cue that is ______________. | monocular; internal |
| Convergence is a depth cue that involves the brain interpreting | changes in tension of the eye muscles. |
| A person with an eyepatch over one eye for a long period of time could still perceive depth and distance by using the cues of | interposition and relative size. |
| Retinal disparity gives us an indication about depth and distance. The ____ the object is relative to the individual, the ____ the retinal disparity. * | closer; greater |
| Ricky uses relative size to convey depth.Which of the following is a description of relative size? | object casting larger retinal image is seen as closer than a similar object that casts a smaller retinal image. |
| Friend r playing a game of bocce.Luigi cant decide whether his ball or Maria’s is closer so he asks Joe for a opinion. Maria1m away from the marker, Joe 8m away.What binocular depth cue can be used by Maria and not Joe in determining which ball is closer? | convergence |
| The binocular depth cue, derived from inward movement of the eyes as an object comes closer, is known as | convergence |
| what is the right perceptual processes | reception, transduction, transmission, selecting, orginisation, interperation |
| Stimuli are | the physical energy that begins sensation |
| The conversion of stimuli such as electromagnetic energy into electrochemical energy that neurons can use is called | transduction |
| Sensation can be defined as | where our sense organs & receptors detect & respond to sensory information that stimulates them |
| What is not an example of perception | a subject receiving visible light in the form of electromagnetic energy |
| The part of the brain involved in receiving and processing vision is | occipital lobe, primary visual cortex |
| the part of the brain involved in receiving and processing taste is | Frontal lobe, primary gustatory cortex |
| Seeing either the white gold or blue black dress is a problem with | perception |
| The sense organs are | tongue, nose, eye, ear and skin |
| Receptors are | specialised cells in the sensory organs that receive and process sensory information |
| figure ground | focus on the figure on the the back ground |
| closure | close in, fill up, or ignore gaps |
| similarity | percieve parts of a visual stimuli which are alike therefore belong together |
| proximity | things that are positioned closer together belong in a group |
Created by:
marleymcgennisken