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Hesi a2 Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the hierarchic organizational system from most inclusive category to least inclusive category? | Kingdom > phylum > class > order > family > genus > species |
| What are the most significant aspects of water? | -hydrogen bonding -polarity -high specific heat -strong cohesive and adhesive properties -versatile solvent |
| What are the most important molecules that are significant to biology? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid |
| Long chain or polymer of sugar | Carbohydrates |
| Carbohydrates function: | Storage, structure, and energy |
| What do carbohydrates form? | The backbone of important molecules such as DNA & RNA |
| What are lipids (fats) specifically? | Fatty Acids, phospholipids & steroids |
| What 2 categories are fats grouped into? | Saturated fats & unsaturated fats |
| What contains no double bond in their hydrocarbon tail? | Saturated fats |
| What contains one or more double bond in their hydrocarbon tail? Liquid at room temp. | Unsaturated fats |
| What does a phospholipid consist of? | 2 fatty acids & a phosphate group (bonded) |
| The phosphate group in a phospholipid is: | Charged and therefore is polar & soluble in water |
| The hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acids: | |
| The hydrocarbon tail of the fatty acids are: | Non-polar and non-soluable... this is mportant for function of cellular membranes |
| Steroids are a type of: | Lipid |
| What are steroids? | They are a component of membranes, but more importantly precursors to significant hormones & drugs |
| What is the most significant contributor to cellular function? | Proteins |
| Polymers of 20 molecules are called: | Amino acids |
| Complex, consists of several structural types & are the largest of the biologic molecules: | Proteins |
| Components of the molecules of inheritance are called: | Nucleic acids |
| Contains the code that is necessary for replication: | DNA |
| Is used to transfer info from DNA to protein level. (A messenger) in most species | RNA |
| The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism is called: | Metabolism |
| In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called: | Metabolic pathways (high energy —> low energy) |
| What is the fundamental unit of biology? | The cell |
| What are the 2 types of cells? | Eukaryotic & prokaryotic |
| Cell that lacks a defined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles: | Prokaryotic |
| Cell that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus & a series of membrane-bound organelles that carry out the functions of the cell | Eukaryotic |
| First of the organelles; contains the DNA of the cell | Nucleus |
| What contains all the genetic information for the regeneration of the cell? | Chromosomes |
| Organelles that read the RNA produced in the nucleus & translate the genetic instruction to produce proteins are called: | Ribosomes |
| Cells with a high rate of protein synesthesia generally have: | Large # of ribosomes |
| Where can ribosomes be found? | The endoplasmic reticulum & the cytoplasm |
| Type of ribosomes found attached to ER: | Bound ribosomes |
| Type of ribosomes found in the cytoplasm: | Free ribosomes |
| Membranous organelle attached to the nuclear membrane & consists of 2 continuous parts: | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Membranous system covered with ribosomes: | Rough ER |
| Rough ER is responsible for: | Protein synthesis & membrane production |
| Membranous system that lacks ribosomes: | Smooth ER |
| Smooth ER is responsible for: | Detoxification & metabolism of molecules |
| Inside the cell is a packaging, processing & shipping organelle called: | Golgi Apparatus |
| What does golgi apparatus transport? | Proteins from the ER throughout the cell |
| Intracellular digestion takes place in: | Lysosomes |
| What is the purpose of lysosomes? | Because they’re packed with hydrolytic enzymes, they can hydrolyze proteins, fats, sugars, & nucleic acids |
| Membrane-enclosed structure that have various functions (depending on cell type): | Vacuole |
| A process that allows cells to uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacoule: | Phagocytosis |
| Type of cell with a central vacuole that functions as storage, waste disposal, protection, & hydrolysis: | Plant cell |
| 2 distinct organelles that produce cell energy: | The mitochondrion & chloroplasts |
| The site of cellular respiration (found in most eukaryotic cells): | Mitochondrion |
| The site of photosynthesis (found in plants): | Chloroplasts |
| Most important component of a cell (protection, communication & passage into & out of the cell) | Cell membrane |
| What does the cell membrane consist of? | Bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, & glycoproteins. |
| What does the hydrophobic region between the two layer of lipid make the cell? | Selective premeable |
| The 2 catabolic pathways: | Cellular respiration & fermentation |
| Simplified chemistry behind respiration: | C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Simple combustion reaction, aerobic, produces far more energy: | Cellular respiration |
| Acts as a reducing agent & vehicle of stored energy is reduced | NADH |
| Molecule used as a precursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in final steps of respiration: | NADH |
| 1st step in metabolism (food-celllular energy): conversion of glucose to pyruvate: | Glycosis |
| Where does glycosis take place? | In the cytosol of the cell |
| What does glycosis produce? | 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, & 2 NADH |
| Step 2- pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion & users in the first series of reactions: | Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs |
| Where does Krebs take place? | Matrix of the mitochondria |
| What is produced from Krebs? | 2 ATP, 6CO2 & has 6NADH |
| 3rd step- begins with oxidation of NADH molecules to produce oxygen & finally produce water in a series of steps: | Electron transport chain |
| What does electron transport chain produce? | 32-36 ATP |
| A precursor to glucose is produced in process called: | Photosynthesis |
| Chemical reaction for photosynthesis: | 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| What does photo synthesis consist of? | Light reactions & Calvin cycle |
| Those that convert solar energy to chemical energy: | Light reactions |
| How does the cell in photosynthesis produce ATP? | By absorbing light & using that energy to split a water molecule & transfer the electron —-> creates NADPH |
| 2 types of asexual reproduction: | Binary fission & mitosis |
| Involves bacterial cells. Chromosomes binds to plasma membrane, where it replicates, cell grows, pinches into 2 identical cells | Binary fission |
| Process of cell division that occurs in 5 stages | Cytokinesis |
| 5 stages of cytokinesis: | Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase anaphase & telophase |
| Chromosomes are visibly separate | Prophase |
| All chromosomes align the center of cell | Metaphase |
| Chromosomes start to separate | Anaphase |
| Separating cell | Telophase |
| 2 alternative versions of a gene: | Allele (dominant or recessive) |
| Anticodon is located: | tRNA |
| Piece of genetic material produced from transcription | mRNA |
| RNA strand complimentary to DNA strand is created: | Transcription |
| When elongated chain of amino acids is released into cytoplasm: | Stop codon |
Created by:
Lizzielee71