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Bio - genetics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Chromesome | A long, twisted, convoluted string of DNA |
| Gene | A short section of that long string of DNA |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid A twisted ladder made of sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases |
| Plasmid | Small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently |
| Exon | Section of a gene that codes for a protein |
| Intron | Section of DNA that does NOT code for a protein found within and between genes removed during formation of mRNA |
| Allele | Small differences in base sequences create physically different forms of the gene |
| Dominant Allele | Only one allele is required for a particular expression of a trait of that allele (phenotype) |
| Recessive Allele | Requires two of its type to be present at the same time for its phenotype to be expressed |
| Short Tandem Repeat (STR) | Introns that are DNA markers |
| Phenotype | How genetic and environmental influences come together to create an organism's physical appearance and behavior |
| Genotype | The trait you have inherited, the makeup of your specific genes as passed on from your ancestors |
| Homozygous | Having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci |
| Heterozygous | Having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci |
| Codominanace | The lack of dominance of either allele |
| Sex Chromosomes | 2 chromosomes carry genes which determines sex |
| Autosomes | All other chromosomes and exist in homologous pairs |
| Inter se mating | Mating of closely related animals |
| Backcross | Crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent |
| Test cross | A genetic cross between a homozygous recessive individual and a corresponding suspected heterozygote to determine the genotype of the latter |
| Autosomal Linkage | Two or more genes are carried on the same chromosome |
| Monohybrid | The offspring of individuals that differ with respect to a particular gene pair |
| Sex influences | Phenotype is influenced by gender, but not limited to either |
| Sex Linked | Genes carried on the sex chromosome |
| Pleiotropy | A single allele influencing more than one trait |
| Punnett square | Square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
| Lethal Gene | Alleles which kill either during development or any time after birth |
| Mimicry | Genes at different loci create the same phenotype |
| X inactivation | The phenomenon in a female by which one X chromosome is randomly inactivated in an early embryonic cell, with fixed inactivation of that same X in all cell descended from that cell |
| Name 3 kinds of DNA and where they are found | 1. Nuclear Chromosomes 2. Plasmids in mitochondria 3. Plasmids in chloroplasts |
| Deletion | Mutation involving the loss of material, internal deletions created by looping |
| Inversion | Mutation involving the reversal of DNA segment can also be created by looping |
| Gregor Mendel's Theory of Inheritance | Mendel's Laws are expressed in terms of genes and alleles |
| Mendel's Principle of Dominance | Members of gene pairs (alleles) come in physically different forms |
| Mendel's Law of Segregation | Genes (factors) exist in pairs |
| Mendel's Law of Independent assortment | Gene pairs controlling different traits segregate independently |
| Epistasis | Interaction of genes at different loci |
| 3 Major Categories of Epistasis and examples | 1. Dominant epistasis - Paint horses 2. Recessive epistasis - Labrador retrievers 3. Modifying epistasis - Doberman pinschers |
| Monohybrid ratio | The phenotypic ratio of different types of individuals occurring in the F2 generation |
| What is the monohybrid ratio | 3:1 |
| Sex linkage | Genes carried on the sex chromosomes |
| Sex Influenced | Phenotype is influenced by gender. but not limited to either |
| Sex limited | Characteristic expressed only in on sex |
| Mammalian | Sexual, but there are two of them |
| Animal | Asexual, there is only one of them |
Created by:
hinen