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Research Foundation2
WGU C224
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the problem of induction explain about the future? | It might not be similar to the past |
| Science can answer many questions in life, except which of the following statements? | What is the meaning of life? |
| What kind of logic do confirmatory researchers follow in designing and carrying out studies? | Justification |
| If one theory is "simple and succinct" when judged against similar theories, it is considered | Parsimonious |
| What source of knowledge asserts that “many truths are knowable independent of observation”? | Rationalism |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epistemology? | Mysteries of knowledge’s origin |
| The phrase “This research study provides findings to support . . .” is reflective of what principle? | Evidence |
| When evaluating a particular theory, which question would not be suitable to ask? | Does it provide irrefutable assertions? |
| Theories can have many characteristics. Which characteristic is not likely to be one of them? | Indisputable |
| Quantitative researchers are tasked with testing hypotheses through the application of what? | Empirical data |
| Why is it said that quantitative researchers use a “narrow-angle” lens in studies? | A small number of causal factors are focused on. |
| In studying specific phenomena, quantitative researchers attempt to include as much personal bias as possible into the given situation. | False |
| A quantitative research report has many components, including all of the following except __________. | Speculation |
| When determining a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, what has to be present? | Changes in the independent variable causing changes in the dependent variable. |
| A variable that controls the change of relationship between the IV and DV is known as __________. | a moderator variable |
| Which of the following information is not provided by a correlation coefficient? | Amount of variables |
| Which of the following is a key problem with two-variable cases of nonexperimental research? | Unclear temporal order of the variables |
| A primary goal of quantitative research is to test hypotheses, which is accomplished through the employment of which type of data? | Empirical data |
| For researchers looking to gather information regarding study participant opinions, which tool would be recommended? | Rating scales |
| When quantitative researchers establish the rate of an environmental factor, which process takes place? | Determinism |
| Which of the following is not a function of variables in quantitative research? | Discrediting experiments |
| Mediating variables are also known as __________. | intervening variables |
| Intervening variables are also known as __________. | mediating variables |
| What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? | No manipulation of an independent variable |
| If a research study results in a correlation of –1.00, what relationship is present between the independent and dependent variables? | Perfect negative correlation |
| A correlation coefficient provides valuable information, except for __________. | the amount of variables |
| Quantitative research is often noted for using a “narrow-angle” lens on study topics. Which of the following would be an explanation for this? | One or two causal factors are focused on. |
| In conducting survey research studies, what tool is often used to collect data on participant attitudes? | Rating scales |
| Quantitative researchers focusing on individual phenomena make a concerted effort to incorporate as much personal bias as possible. | False |
| Which of the following is not typically a formal section in a quantitative research report? | Speculation |
| What is the relationship between variables and constants? | A constant is a single value of the larger variable group. |
| Variables serve many functions in quantitative research studies, except for __________. | discrediting experiments |
| When determining a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, what has to be present? | Changes in the independent variable causing changes in the dependent variable |
| Intervening variables are also known as __________. | mediating variables |
| What is the hallmark of nonexperimental research studies? | No manipulation of an independent variable |
| In terms of correlation, what does a result of +1.00 represent in the relationship of independent and dependent variables? | Perfect positive correlation |
| Why is it said that quantitative researchers use a “narrow-angle” lens in studies? | A small number of causal factors are focused on. |
| The process by which environmental factors are isolated in order to determine the rate of a specific process is known as what? | Determinism |
| Which of the following is indicative of quantitative research ontology? | Reality is objective. |
| A quantitative research report has many components, including all of the following except __________. | speculation |
| Which method of research allows qualitative studies' explanations to develop throughout the process? | Bottom-up |
| Qualitative researchers try to understand multiple layers of reality in research settings. Which of the following is not an example of one of these layers? | Results from outside studies |
| In qualitative research, the researchers can also be known as the__________of data collection. | Instrument |
| A specific culture's language differentiates one concept (e.g., snow) into many varied types not recognized in outside populations. This is known as | Linguistic relativity |
| In qualitative data collection, which term refers to participants' self-reporting instruments? | Questionnaires |
| The theoretical framework of "Grounded Theory" originates from | sociology |
| Positivism is a belief that all true knowledge must be based on | Science |
| The qualitative analysis strategy focusing on complex interdependencies and system dynamics is | Holistic Perspective |
| Qualitative studies can often suffer from which limitation? | Lower credibility with some authorities |
| When quantitative and qualitative study parts are performed one after the other, this is considered which of the following? | Sequential |
| A study uses qualitative observation methods, followed by quantitative data analysis methods. This is an example of what kind of study conduct? | Sequential |
| Mixed research considers human thought and behavior to be partially predictable and have many sources of influence. Which of the following is also a view of behavior held by mixed researchers? | Dynamic |
| Which mixed research purpose seeks to “broaden the breadth and range of inquiry” by combining research methods? | Expansion |
| Which of the following is an important consideration before making the final decision to design a mixed study? | Make sure the study being planned is feasible. |
| If a mixed research study uses a nested sequential sampling design, then which of the following best represents this design? | Quantitative and qualitative data are collected one after the other, but with the quantitative sample being a subset of the qualitative sample. |
| Which type of data analysis is best represented by both quantitative and qualitative data being analyzed by quantitative data analysis techniques in the same study? | Monoanalysis |
| All of the following are types of mixed data analysis except __________. | monodata-monoanalysis |
| Some details of mixed research remaining to be worked out by research methodologists include problems of paradigm mixing, how to interpret conflicting results, and __________. | techniques for qualitatively analyzing quantitative data |
| When a researcher can use the strengths of an additional method to overcome the limitations in another method, this is known as __________. | principle of nonoverlapping weaknesses |
| An action researcher develops an action research attitude when they consider areas of possible improvement, unique tactics to attempt, and_________? | Potential Consequences |
| Action researchers build up an action research attitude when bearing in mind areas of possible enhancement, potential consequences, and ________? . | Unique Tactics |
| The phrase “Doing that would mean . . .” is reflective of which phase of Deweyan process of inquiry? | Reasoning out of the bearings of the suggestion |
| Which theory states “where we are right now and what we routinely do in our lives tends not to change very much"? | Lewin's force field theory |
| Which of Kurt Lewin’s theories held that “where we are right now and what we routinely do in our lives tends not to change very much”? | Force field theory |
| Similar to qualitative research, researchers utilizing an action research approach typically focus on_________? | Local Problems |
| Action researchers are often interested in testing hypotheses and making generalizations beyond immediate research participants. This is usually accomplished using_______? | Inferential Statistics |
| The “who does what, when” chart is created in the__________ phase of the action research cycle. | Plan |
| The question “What needs to change in the theory or explanation?” is an example of the_________ phase of the action research cycle. | Reflect |
| Issues affecting a large environment—such as an educational college of a major university—are best handled by which scope of action research? | Systemwide |
| If an action researcher team is considering study issues occurring in a large-scale environment—such as a lower-income school district—which scope of action research is the most appropriate for their investigation? | Systemwide |
| Similar to other research methods, action research has some limitations, including weaker research designs and_________? | Utilizing less rigorous measurement criteria. |
| An asset of action research is the dedication of practitioners to________? | Democratic social change. |
| An educational issue within a broad topic area is known as the "research __________? | Problem |
| What is a main reason for conducting literature reviews in quantitative research? | To gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area |
| The primary reason for doing a literature review for a quantitative study is to __________? | gain an understanding of the current state of knowledge in the area |
| Which of the following is reflective of literature reviews? | They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article. |
| Literature reviews have multiple characteristics, including the tendency to be very focused on a specific research question, and which of the following? | They can be included in a research proposal, an empirical journal article, or can be a standalone article. |
| Annotated bibliographies have many traits, including a reference list of article summaries and which of the following? | Being working documents that can be used to help write a literature review |
| Quantitative research questions typically come in three forms: causal, predictive, and__________? | Descriptive |
| Which characteristic is unique to action research questions when contrasted with quantitative and qualitative methods? | They are more fluid. |
| If a research problem contains a hybrid of quantitative and qualitative approaches, this is reflective of_________ research? | Mixed |
| Which type of research would not include the statement of a hypothesis? | Qualitative |
| __________ is the primary focus of a research problem designed for qualitative studies. | Understanding a group or phenomenon |
| In which part of a research proposal should the research topic and its importance be identified? | Introduction |
| In the method section of a research proposal, which of the following would be discussed? | The procedures proposed for conducting the study |
| Which of the following would typically be described within the methods section of a research proposal? | The procedures proposed for conducting the study |
| Which of the following is reflective of the concept of confidentiality? | Protecting research participants’ identities from anyone other than the researcher and their team. |
| What approach to ethics posits that ethical issues must be judged on the basis of some universal code? | Deontological approach |
| What approach to ethics contends that ethics are arbitrary and relative to an individual situation or context? | Ethical skepticism |
| If a track coach measures just the order of finish of people in a 5 km jogging race, __________ scale would be the best choice to use. | ordinal |
| Temperatures measured on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale are prime examples of the ____________ measurement scale. | interval |
| Which of the following best describes test-retest reliability? | Whether scores on a test taken at one point correlate with scores on the same test at a second testing. |
| An assessment is considered homogeneous, if___________? | the test measures a single construct. |
| A researcher administers two different tests on a single topic to a group of people in order to determine consistency of the scores. The researcher is trying to assess ___________ reliability. | equivalent forms |
| Observation and questionnaires are both examples of _______ methods. | data collection |
| Which data collection type can be performed in person or over the telephone? | Interviews |
| ___________ a data collection method that examines how a cluster of research participants thinks and feels about a topic. | Focus groups are |
| Aptitude and diagnostic are examples of what kind of data collection method? | Tests |
| Sampling allows researchers to make _________ about a larger population. | generalizations |
| Statistics are ____________ characteristics of research samples. | numerical |
| Systematic, stratified, and ________ sampling are all varieties of simple random sampling. | cluster |
| Experiments are rarely, if ever, based on ___________? | random sampling |
| Learning disabilities in children and acts of school violence are both examples of complex__________ that can be examined by educational researchers. | constructs |
| The soundness of the methods that researchers use to estimate the degree of the association between independent and dependent variables involves __________ validity. | statistical conclusion |
| Which statement is true about external validity in qualitative research? Which statement is true about external validity in qualitative research? | External validity evidence can be obtained by replication in qualitative research, but it is not a focus very often. |
| If the inference made from the results of a study is correct, then the study has ________? | research validity |
| Internal validity in qualitative research refers to which of the following? | The validity of cause-and-effect conclusions |
| If researchers have addressed the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in a mixed research study, then they have attained __________ validity. | sociopolitical |
| Validity that makes use of both the emic and etic viewpoints is called ________ validity. | inside-outside |
| What is the purpose of Phenomenology | Describing individual(s)’ experience of phenomena |
| What is the purpose of Ethnography | Describing cultural characteristics of a group of people |
| What is the purpose of Narrative Inquiry | Describing people’s lives/stories to add to our understanding |
| What is the purpose of Case Study | Addressing research questions through in-depth analysis |
| What is the purpose of Grounded Theory | Inductively generating a theory describing a phenomenon |
| What is the Disciplinary origin of Phenomenology | Philosophy |
| What is the Disciplinary origin of Ethnography | Anthropology |
| What is the Disciplinary origin of Narrative Inquiry | Human storytelling & education |
| What is the Disciplinary origin a Case Study | Multi-disciplinary |
| What is the Disciplinary origin of Grounded Theory | Sociology |
| What is the Data collection and Analysis for Ethnography | Extended fieldwork on participant or non-participant observations, interviews; documents analyzed during/after study to gain insider’s perspective on people and interactions. |
| What is the Data collection and Analysis for Narrative Inquiry | Multiple conversations with a participant and inquiry into related artifacts and documents are used to gain understanding and retell stories of experience. |
| What is the Data collection and Analysis for Case Study | Multiple methods and data sources are used to answer specific questions about one or more cases. |
| What is the Data collection and Analysis for Grounded Theory | Continual activity running concurrent to analysis as interview and observational data are distilled (or coded) and compared to build a working theory grounded in collected data. |
| What is the Data collection and Analysis for Phenomenology | Interview data are searched for significant statements that capture the essence of participants’ perceptions and experiences. |
| What is the Research Report of Phenomenology | Rich narrative allowing readers to vicariously experience the phenomenon through the eyes of the participants. |
| What is the Research Report of Ethnography | Extensive description of the physical and social settings aimed at holistic understanding. |
| What is the Research Report of Narrative Inquiry | Narrative account including patterns, connections, and insights uncovered and carefully synthesized. |
| What is the Research Report of Case Study | Rich, holistic narrative that triangulates data and places the case into a meaningful context. |
| What is the Research Report of Grounded Theory | Contains methodological description, then proposes and discusses the grounded theory built during the research study. |
| qual/QUAL | Qualitative research |
| quan/QUAN | Quantitative research |
| CAPITAL letters | Higher priority/weight in study |
| lowercase letters | Lower priority/weight in study |
| + (plus) sign | Concurrent data collection |
| → (arrow) sign | Sequential data collection |
Created by:
beeper2me