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Chemistry 100 Exam 1
Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| O.H.E.E. | Observe, Hypothesize (question), Evaluate (test), Explain (theory) |
| Chemistry | The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying what atoms and molecules do. |
| Scientific Method | How scientists learn about the natural world; involves observations, laws, hypotheses, theories and experimentation. |
| Observation | What you perceive; should be simply worded. |
| Hypotheses | an idea or "hunch" supported by limited evidence; explains how something works, but not why; specific and testable. |
| Theory | theories attempt to explain why something works; they're supported by evidence from many tested hypotheses, but not testable as a yes/no question. |
| Law | Refers to something that happens very consistently within specific limits |
| Mass | the measure of the quantity of matter within an object/subject |
| Energy | the capacity to do work energy is neither created or destroyed, rather it is expended or absorbed. |
| Significant Figures | the non-place-holding digits in a measurement representing the precision of the measurement. |
| Precision | In science, precision refers to the consistency of a measurement or finding, or how reproducible it is. |
| Accuracy | In science, accuracy refers to how close you are to the target. |
| Significant figures - rule for multiplication and division | round the answer to the number of significant figures in a calculated number with the least s.f. |
| Significant figures - rule for addition and subtraction | round the answer to the value with the least number of s.f. after the decimal place. |
| Density | Density=Mass/Volume commonly expressed in g/cm^3, g/mL, or g/L. |
| Matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Atom | the smallest fundamental unit of matter |
| Molecule | specific combinations of atoms (ex: H2O) |
| Law of the Conservation of Mass | Mass is not created or destroyed in a chemical reaction |
| Law of the Conservation of Energy | energy is neither created not destroyed |
| The 3 states of matter | Solid, liquid and gas |
| Properties of a Solid | Definite shape and volume; cannot be compressed; oscillates about a fixed point; atoms/molecules closely spaced |
| Properties of a Liquid | Indefinite shape, but definite volume; compressible (takes shape of container); Atoms/molecules are closely spaced by free to move around. |
| Properties of a Gas | Indefinite shape and volume; compressible; atoms/molecules spaced far apart and free to move around |
| Mixture | composed of 2 or more different types of atoms or molecules in varying proportions |
| Pure Substance | composed of one type of atom or molecule in fixed, definite proportions |
| Compound | substance with 2 or more elements in fixed, definite proportions |
| Element | a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| Homogeneous Mixture | composition is same throughout |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | Composition varies from one region to another |
| Metal | elements that usually lose electrons in chemical reactions |
| Non-Metal | Elements that usually gain electrons in chemical reactions |
| Physical Change | matter changes appearance, not composition (ex: water freezing) |
| Chemical Change | matter changes composition and appearance (ex: burning gasoline or the melting of engine components together) |
| Chemical Property | a property displayed only through change in composition |
| Physical Property | a property displayed without changing composition |
| Exothermic Reaction | a process that releases energy (ex: a dynamite explosion) |
| Endothermic Reaction | a process that absorbs energy (ex: a cold pack) |
| Kelvin | a temperature scale that avoids negative numbers by assigning "zero Kelvin" to the coldest temperature possible, absolute zero (-273.15 Celsius or -459.7 Fahrenheit) |
| Specific Heat Capacity | the quantity of heat required to change 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. |
| Potential energy | energy associated with its position or composition Ex: water behind a damn - gravity is pushing until it is released |
| Kinetic energy | the energy associated with its motion Ex: a rolling ball |
| alkali metals | Group 1A of periodic table; highly reactive. Hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium,cesium, francium |
| Alkaline earth metals | Group 2A of periodic table; fairly reactive. Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium |
| anion | a negatively charged ion |
| atomic mass | a weighted average of the masses of each naturally occurring isotope of an element; the average mass of the atoms of an element |
| atomic mass unit | expresses atomic mass (amu) |
| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| cation | a positively charged ion |
| charge | a fundamental property of protons and electrons. charged particles experience forces such that like charges repel and unlike charge attract. |
| chemical symbol | one or two letter abbreviation for an element |
| electron | a negatively charged particle that occupies most of the atom's volume by contributes nearly nothing to its mass. |
| family or group (of elements) | elements with similar properties organized into columns on the periodic table |
| halogens | Group 7A elements on the periodic table; very reactive nonmetals. Fluorine chlorine,bromine,iodine,astatine, tennessine |
| ion | an atom (or group) that has gained or lost one or more electrons so that it has an electric charge. |
| isotope | One of two or more atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. |
| main-group elements | Groups 1A-8A; the elements have properties that tend to be predictable based on their place in the periodic table. |
| mass number (A) | the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atom. |
| metalloids | Those elements that fall along the boundary between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table; properties intermediate of metals and nonmetals. |
| metals | elements that tend to lose electrons in a chemical reaction; left side of periodic table; |
| neutron | a nuclear particle with no electrical charge and nearly the same mass of a proton. |
| noble gasses | Group 8A of the periodic table; chemically inert gasses (nonreactive). Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, organisson. |
| nonmetals | elements that tend to gain electrons in a chemical reaction; upper right side of periodic table. |
| nuclear radiation | the energy particles emitted from the nucleus of an atom when it is undergoing a nuclear process. |
| nuclear theory of the atom | A theory stating that most of an atom's mass and all of its positive charge are contained in a small, dense nucleus. Most of the volume of the atom is empty space occupied by negatively charged electrons. |
| nucleus (of an atom) | The small core containing most of the atom's mass and all of its positive charge. Made up of protons and neutrons. |
| percent natural abundance | The percentage amount of each isotope of an element in a naturally occurring sample of the element. |
| periodic law | A law that states that when the elements are arranged in order of increasing relative mass, certain sets of propertied reoccur periodically. |
| periodic table | An arrangement of the elements in which atomic number increases from left to right and elements with similar properties fall in columns called families or groups. |
| proton | A positively charged nuclear particle. |
| radioactive | Describes a substance that emits tiny, invisible, energetic particles from the nuclei of its component atoms |
| semiconductor | A compound or element exhibiting intermediate electrical conductivity that can be charged and controlled. |
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msmolloy01
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