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ap euro chapter 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| first major change in industrial development after 1870 | substitution of steel for iron |
| thomas edison and joseph swan | invented the lightbulb |
| alexander graham bell | invented the telephone |
| guglielmo marconi | sent first radio waves across atlantic |
| internal combustion engine | gave rise to automobile and airplane |
| gottlieb daimler | invented a light engine that facilitated development of automobile |
| henry ford | revolutionized car industry w/ model t |
| tariffs | became more prevalent to protect domestic market products-- response against free trade |
| cartels | decrease internal competition-- independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas-- particularly strong in germany |
| great depression during this time | 1873-1895: series of economic crises as agricultural prices fell, businesses slumped |
| la belle epoque | 1895-wwi: economic boom in europe |
| why did industrial leadership pass from britain to germany | britain had already established industry so it was more difficult to shift to new manufacturing techniques and britain was reluctant to invest in new innovations |
| 2 economic zones in europe | great britain, belgium, france, netherlands, germany, austro-hungary, and northern italy were advanced industry and southern italy, spain, portugal, balkan kingdoms, and russia were agricultural-- provided raw materials to west |
| ideology of domesticity | women shouldn't work and should stay home to bear and nurture children-- need to ensure moral/ physical well being of families |
| "sweating" | when women were desperate for work, they were be contracted to do piecework in tailoring trade |
| "slop work" | poorest paid jobs for the cheapest goods for women |
| white collar jobs | development of larger industrial plants led to increase in # of service workers (jobs such as clerks, typists, and secretaries) |
| prostitution | rural working class girls often had to turn to in during late teens-- eventually joined main work force |
| contagious diseases acts | passed in britain that gave police force right to examine prostitutes for veneral disease-- those found infected were confined to lock hospitals |
| lock hospitals | prostitutes with STDs were sent there to receive moral instruction |
| josephine butler | objected to the contagious disease act laws that punished women but not men who suffered from STDS |
| "shrieking sisters" | josephine butler + supporters |
| william liebknecht and august bebel | formed german social democratic party |
| german social democratic party | espoused revolutionary marxist rhetoric and organized itself as a mass political party competing in reichstag elections |
| jean jaures | leader of french socialism who was an independent socialist who looked to french revolutionary tradition rather than marxism |
| marxist social democratic labor party | formed in russia |
| second international | formed by leaders of the various socialist parties; created may day as international labor day marked by strikes but was divided by revisionism and nationalism |
| marxism | provided for imminent collapse of capitalism and socialist ownership of means of production |
| evolutionary socialism/ revisionism | socialist doctrine that rejected marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution and instead emphasized that owrkers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change |
| eduard bernstein | prominent evolutionary socialist-- said that capitalist system had not broken down, middle class was expanding, and proletariat was improving (countered marx)-- said that workers must organize in mass parties and that the extension of right to vote |
| general confederation of labor | national organization of unions in france thats decentralization and failure to include important individual unions kept it weak/ ineffective |
| anarchism | political theory that holds that all gov'ts and existing instituons are unnecessary and advocates a society based on voluntary cooperation |
| michael bakunin | believed small groups of well trained, fanatical revolutionaries could perpetrate so much violence that state would disintegrate |
| mass society | a society in which the concerns of the majority (the lower classes) play a prominent role; characterized by the extension of voting rights, improved standard of living, and education-- emerged after 1870 |
| 2 factors that facilitated population growth | 1. medical discoveries 2. environmental conditions |
| edwin chadwick, rudolf virchow, and solomon neumann | pointed to filthy living conditions as primary cause of epidemic disease and urged sanitation reform |
| public health act of 1875 | in britain, prohibited construction of new buildings w/o running water and an internal drainage system |
| victoria park | park constructed in london to combat air pollution and give city dwellers greenery |
| v.a. huber | foremost early german housing reformer-- good housing was essential for stable family life/ society |
| octavia hill | rehabilitated old dwellings and constructed new ones to create housing for 3500 tenants-- poor need guidance/ encouragement, not charity |
| plutocrats | members of wealthy elite-- typically big business industrialists, made up 5% of pop but controlled 30-40% of wealth |
| white collar workers | stood between lower middle class and lower class-- product of second industrial revolution, secretarial/ salesman jobs |
| the habits of good society/ don't: a matter of mistakes and improprieties more or less prevalent in conduct and speech | middle class books that showed preoccupation with propriety |
| dr. aletta jacob | founded europe's first birth control clinic |
| boyscouts | provided organized recreation for young boys |
| robert baden powell | founder of boy scouts |
| mass education | product of mass society-- expanded as more middle class families sought public service employment |
| queens/ bedford | middle class womens colleges in britain that were really just teacher training schools |
| barbara bodichon | established school were girls were trained for economic independence and domesticity |
| yellow press | newspapers of the time defined by easily understood style and sensational topic |
| mass leisure | work and leisure were opposites as leisure became what people did while not on the job |
| thomas cook | british pioneer of mass tourism--secretary for temperence group who organized railroad trips |
| le bon marche | paris department store that offered customers a wide variety of goods |
| william gladstone | liberal pm of britain |
| reform act of 1884 | passed by gladstone-- gave vote to all men who paid regular rents and taxes (agricultural workers) |
| redistribution act | in england, established constituencies with equal representatives in the place of bouroughs |
| act of union of 1801 | united english and irish parliaments |
| irish land league | called on parliament to institute land reform in ireland |
| charles parnell | leader of irish representatives in parliament who called for home rule |
| home rule | self gov't for ireland with a separate parliament but not complete independence |
| paris commune | radical republican gov't that formed in paris after elections to the national assembly resulted in a monarchist majority |
| louise michel | female schoolteacher who emerged as one of the leaders of the paris commune |
| constitution of 1875 | republican gov't as a compromise: bicameral w/ senate and chamber of deputies and a president (solidified the third republic) |
| boulanger crisis | boulanger was a military office who attracted attention from those discontented w third republic but fled france leading to support for the republic |
| generation of 1898 | called for reform in spain but didn't receive enough reform |
| kulturkampf | bismarck's attack on the catholic church; "struggle for civilization" |
| social democratic party | in germany, was viewed as a threat by bismarck |
| william ii | new emperor of germany who dismissed bismarck |
| how did bismarck deal with socialists | enacted his own social welfare policies |
| count edward von taafee | prime minister of austria who tried to rely on national minorities to maintain a majority in parliament but antagonized austrian empire with minority sympathetic policies |
| nationalities problem | problem of too many differing nationalities in austria |
| francis joseph | emperor of austro-hungarian empire who tried to keep empire together |
| magyarization | imposition of magyar language on gov't institutions in hungary |
| exceptional measures | alexander iii's repressive tactics that expanded secret police and persecution |
| russification | alexander iii's policy to ban use of all languages except russian in schools |
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