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ap euro chapter 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| louis napoleon early years | people underestimated him but he was patient and won their support-- when the national assembly rejected his wish to revise the constitution and become elected again, he seized control of gov't |
| louis napoleon after he seized control in 1851 | restored universal male suffrage and asked people to restructure gov't by electing him president for 10 years |
| 2 real politik practioners | louis napoleon and otto von bismark |
| describe the government under napoleon iii | authoritarian-- controlled armed forces, police, and civil service, legislative corps couldn't initiate legislation or budget |
| napoleon iii's early domestic policies | used gov't resources to encourage industrial growth-- constructed railways, roads, harbors, canals and provided free medicine to workers and reconstructed paris |
| baron haussman | truction of paris helped napoleon iii's recons |
| purposes of napoleon iii's reconstruction of paris | wider streets prevented barricades and made it easier for troops to push through |
| why did napoleon iii liberalize the regime in the 1860s and how | opposition to his policies began to mount-- legalized trade unions and allowed opposition candidates to run/ legislative corps to have more say in state affairs |
| what was the downfall of napoleon iii's regime | war with prussia |
| napoleon iii's mexico foreign policy | *wanted to dominate markets for french goods *put archduke maximilian of austria as new emperor of mexico *maximilian was eventually executed |
| what question was the crimean war trying to answer | who would be the beneficiary of the downfall of the ottoman empire |
| what power was seen as likely to benefit from the fall of the ottoman empire | russia |
| what was the impetus for the crimean war | russia demanded the right to protect christian shrines in palestine (was already being done by the french) |
| why did britain/ france declare war on russia during the crimean war | concern over upset in balance of power-- if russia gained ottoman territory, they could challenge france/ britain |
| who was presumed to be russia's ally in the crimean war and what happened | austria (bc/ russia had protected their gov't) but they remained neutral |
| what is the crimean war best remember for | suicidal charge of british light brigade at battle of balaklava |
| what was the turning point of the crimean war | main russian fortress at sevastopol fell and nichoas i's successor alexander sued for peace |
| treaty of paris 1856 | russia was forced to give up bessarabia at danube and accept neutrality of black sea and principalities of moldavia and wallachia were placed under protection of all 5 great powers |
| florence nightingale's impact on the crimean war | insistence on strict sanitary conditions saved many and made nursing a profession of middle class women-- was allowed to go to the front after a british journalist exposed the poor sanitary conditions |
| why did the crimean war break up the concert of europe | austria and russia were now enemies |
| russia after the crimean war | withdrew from european affairs |
| britain after the crimean war | pulled back from continental affairs |
| austria after the crimean war | without friends among the great powers |
| piedmont-sardinia | seemed best hope for italian unification-- turning point when victor emmanuel ii named count camillo di cavour as prime minister |
| cavour | *liberal minded nobleman who favored constitutional gov't in italy *prime minister |
| who did cavour ally with and why | france bc/ he couldn't challenge austria directly |
| what did france get from the alliance with italy | kingdoms of nice/ savoy and marriage alliance |
| war between france/ italy and austria | french won major battles at magenta and solferino but napoleon withdrew once he realized the war might last a long time and the prussians were mobilizing in support of austria |
| garibaldi | southern italian patriot who supported mazzini/ young italy in southern italy and raised an army of thousands of red shirts |
| garibaldi and 1860s wars | *gained control of sicily *began to march upwards |
| initial conflict between garibaldi and cavour | garibaldi wanted to march on rome but cavour was afraid it would provoke war with france; garibaldi also wanted a democratic republic while cavour wanted a constitutional monarchy |
| who ruled the new unified italy | king victor emmanuel ii |
| how did italy gain the last few territories after unification? | during austro-prussian war, allied with prussia and gained venetia in franco-prussian war, french troops withdrew from rome |
| zollverein | german customs union formed by prussia in 1834 that eliminated tolls on rivers/ roads and added to prosperity of all of german confederation except austria |
| 1848 prussia constitution and its effect | appearance of constitutional monarchy with bicameral legislature but voting structure allowed biggest taxpayers to gain the most votes-- growing middle class now controlled lower house and wanted more liberal reforms |
| king william i | king of prussia after frederick william iv-- believed that army needed to enlarge if prussia was to become a great power |
| impetus for appointing of otto von bismarck | prussian legislature rejected new military budget |
| bismarck background | junker class, earned law degree, worked in civil service, and was prussian delegate to germanic confederation conference |
| realpolitik | practice of "realistic politics" i.e. no moral/ ethical concerns, practiced by bismark-- opposite of political gambling |
| what did bismarck say the questions of the day would be decided by | "iron and blood" rather than idealistic speeches |
| bismarck and the 1862 tax bill | parliament rejected request for military money, but bismarck collected it anyway |
| bismarck's 3 wars | danish, austro-prussian, franco-prussian |
| what sparked the danish war | denmark absorbed the largely german territories of schleswig and holstein |
| who did bismarck ally with during the danish war and why | austria-- realized that austria was a threat to power, and by agreeing to cogovern schleswig and holstein could cause friction that would hopefully lead to war |
| bismarck's deals before the austro prussian war | russia neutral bc/ of prussia help with poland, napoleon neutral bc of promise of territory in rhineland, and italy netural bc of venetia |
| prussia's advantages in the austro prussian war | superior breech loading needle gun (compared to austrian muzzleloder) and superior railroads |
| koniggratz | defeat of austrian army by prussians |
| outcome of austro prussian war for austria | lost but didn't lose much territory-- only cut out from germanic affairs |
| north germany confederation | bismarck controlled states north of the main river-- each state had own local gov't but prussian king was head of confederation and led army/ foreign policy |
| how did bismarck combine nationalism/ authoritarianism | used nationalism to gain support from liberals and prevent gov't reform |
| north germany parliament | 2 bodies bundesrat (federal council with delegates nominated by states) and reichstag (elected by universal male suffrage) |
| why was france eager for war with prussia | couldn't stand strong german power and napoleon needed diplomatic triumph to offset domestic issues |
| what sparked the franco prussian war | *prussian relative prince leopold was offered throne of spain, but france objected since they would be encircled by hohenzollerns *william i forced his relative to withdraw *france- william to make a formal apology *bismarck edited telegram to insult |
| sedan | during franco prussian war, prussia captured entire french army + napoleon iii |
| outcome of franco prussian war | france had to pay an indemnity and give up alsace/ lorraine to germany |
| second german empire | southern german states enter north german confederation and william i is crowned as kaiser |
| austria act of emancipation | freed serfs in 1848 |
| alexander von bach in austria | local privileges subjected to uniform central administration, hungary under military rule, catholic church= state church |
| reichstrat | francis joseph's imperial parliament that he attempted to establish after defeat in italian war-- included a nominated upper house and elected lower house that alienated hungarian ethnic minority |
| ausgleich generally | compromise of 1867 with the hungarians-- created a dual monarchy of austria-hungary and each house had a constitution, bicameral legislature, gov't, and capital held together by a single monarch, common army, foreign policy, and finances |
| ausgleich effect on other minorities | allowed austrians and hungarians to dominate (especially slavic peoples) |
| tsar alexander ii | tried to overhaul russian systems after crimean war-- emancipated serfs, instituted zemstvos |
| problems with serfdom in russia | russian landowners were unable to compete w/ foreign agriculture, serfs were uneducated and couldn't use new technology, peasant revolts |
| abolition of serfdom | by alexander ii, serfs could own property, marry, and go to court but serfs were given the worst land and were expected to pay back the state for the land |
| mir | village commune in russia that was collectively responsible for paying back gov't for land and in effect owned the land and were reluctant to allow peasants to leave |
| zemstvos | assemblies instituted by alexander ii that provided moderate degree of self gov't-- elected from mass population and had limited power to provide public services and tax but were limited by bureaucrats |
| alexander herzen | led russian reform movement, exile living in london whose slogan was "land and freedom"--- peasant must be chief instrument for social reform and wanted the village commune to serve as an independent self governing body |
| populism | followers of herzen's idea in russia whose aim was to create a new society through the revolutionary acts of the peasants but when peasants were disinterested, resorted to violent means |
| vera zasulich | advocated for violence in russia to counteract tsar-- joined land and freedom, an underground populist org advocating radical reform and shot and wounded governer general of st. petersburg |
| people's will | radical group of russians who assassinated alexander ii |
| why was britain stable during this time | liberal parliamentary system, economic growth for middle class and laborers |
| queen victoria | england, admired for duty and moral respectability |
| henry john temple lord palmerston | prime minister of england who had no strong party loyalty and easily made compromises but opposed expanding the franchise |
| benjamin disraeli | tory leader in parliament after palmerston, wanted to win the vote of newly enfranchised voters for the tory party and passed the reform act of 1867 |
| reform act of 1867 | passed in britain by tory party that lowered the monetary requirements for voting and enfranchised many male urban workers |
| effect of reform act of 1867 | produced 1868 liberal victory and thus birthed a rivalry between the parties-- exemplified in rivalry between gladstone and disraeli |
| liberal policies of william gladstone | opened civil service positions to competitive exams, introduced secret ballot, abolished purchasing military commissions and passed the education act of 1870 to make schooling available for all children |
| education act of 1870 | liberal act passed in 1870 by gladstone that made education available for all children |
| kansas nebraska acts | allowed slavery to be determined by popular sovereignty and led to creation of republican party |
| division in canada | upper canada was english speaking and lower canada was french speaking |
Created by:
trainagrace