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Particles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the structure of the atom | A central nucleus with electrons orbiting in shells |
| What are protons and neutrons collectively known as | Nucleons |
| What are the relative charges for the proton, neutron and electron | Proton=+1 Electron=-1 Neutron=0 |
| What are the relative masses for the proton, neutron and electron | Proton=1 Neutron=1 Electron=1/1800 |
| Define nucleon number | The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom |
| Define proton number | The total number of protons in the nucleus |
| How can you estimate the relative atomic mass | The sum of the protons and neutrons |
| Define specific charge | The ratio of a particles charge to its mass |
| What are the units for specific charge | C/kg |
| What is the charge of a proton | 1.60x10^-19 |
| What is the charge of an electron | -1.60x10^-19 |
| What is the mass of a proton and neutron | 1.67x10-27 |
| What is the mass of an electron | 5.56x10-34 |
| How do you calculate the specific charge of a nucleus | -Nucleon number x Nucleon mass = mass(kg) -Proton number x Charge of proton = charge(C) -Calculate specific charge using equation |
| How do you calculate the specific charge for an ion | -Nucleon number x Nucleon mass = mass(kg) -Charge of ion x Charge of proton = charge(C) -Calculate specific charge using equation |
| Define isotope | An atom with the same no of protons but a different no of neutrons |
| Explain how isotopic data can be used for carbon dating | -% of carbon-14 in living organisms is roughly the same -When these organisms die the carbon-14 atoms decay -The isotopic data can be used to find the % of carbon-14 left in the organism -This will give an insight into the age of the organism |
| What are the four fundamental forces | -Strong nuclear -Weak nuclear -Electrostatic -Gravity |
| Explain the attraction/repulsion of the SNF | -At distances of <0.5fm it is repulsive -At 1.5fm it is strongly attractive and holds the nucleus in place -Beyond 3fm it drops rapidly and can't hold the nucleus in place |
| How far does the electrostatic force extend | Infinitely |
| What determines whether a nucleus will be stable or unstable | The balance of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
| How does an excess of protons or neutrons upset the balance | By disrupting the binding energy |
| Give the properties of alpha decay | -2 protons and 2 neutrons -Highly ionising as has a large mass -Only happens in atoms with >82 protons and the nuclei are too big for the SNF to keep them stable -Absorbed by a sheet of paper -Short range in air |
| Give the properties of beta decay | -High speed electron -Neutron converted to proton, electron and antineutrino -Happens in neutron rich isotopes -Antineutrino carries away energy and momentum -Greater range than alpha in air -Stopped by several mm of aluminium |
| What is an antineutrino | A very small uncharged particle |
| Give the properties of gamma decay | -The surplus energy after alpha and beta decay given off as EM radiation -Massless uncharged, travels at the speed of light -Weakly ionising -Stopped by thick lead |
| What are the three methods of radiation detection | -Spark counter -Cloud chamber -Geiger Muller tube |
| Describe the discovery of the neutrino | -After β decay -Energy in nucleus was too low -Either conservation of energy was wrong or there was another particle -Wolfgang Pauli proposed the existence of neutrinos -They were observed 50 years later |
| When does mass increase | As it approaches the speed of light |
| What is Einsteins energy equation | E=mc^2 |
| 1ev= | 1.6x10^-19 |
| Particle-antiparticle pairs have the same________and________and opposite_______ | Particle-antiparticle pairs have the same rest mass and minimum energy and opposite charge |
| What is the antiparticle of the proton | Anti-proton |
| What is the antiparticle of the neutron | Anti-neutron |
| What is the antiparticle of the electron | Positron |
| What is the antiparticle of the neutrino | Anti-neutrino |
| Define photon | A packet of EM radiation |
| Who suggested that EM waves can only be released in discrete packets or quanta | Max Planck |
| Who expanded Max Planck's theory saying that EM waves and the energy they carry can only exist in discrete packets | Einstein |
| What are the two equations for energy of a photon | E=hf and E=hc/λ |
Created by:
Liam P
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