Triad of Quality Assurance

1. Program development 2. Assessment and monitoring 3. Quality improvement

Primary goal of Quality Assurance

To provide quality services and products to customers

used for the measurement of unexcited ions like Magnesium and Calcium

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Help

Options

focusNode

Didn't know it?
click below

Knew it?
click below

Don't Know

Remaining cards (0)

Know

retry

shuffle

restart

0:00

Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

Normal Size Small Size show me how

Clinical Chemistry

Question	Answer
Most commonly used photodetector	Photomultiplier tube
a detector with excellent linearity and useful as a multichannel detector	Photodiode
detector that has anode and cathode enclosed in a glass case	Phototube
simpliest detector, least expensive and temperature sensitive	Barrier layer cell
most commonly used cuvet	Alumina silica glass
It holds the solution that needs to be measured	Cuvet
it controls the width of light beam (bandpass)	Exit Slit
It minimizes stray light or scattered light	Entrance slit
It isolates specific or individual wavelength of light	Monochromator
commonly used light source	Tungsten light bulb
routinely used light source	Deuterium lamp
light source that provides a continuous source of radiation	Xenon discharge lamp
It splits the monochromatic light into two components	Double-beam spectrophotometer
It is the simplest type of absorption spectrometer	Single beam spectrophotometer
Planck's formula	E=hv
Triad of Quality Assurance	1. Program development 2. Assessment and monitoring 3. Quality improvement
Primary goal of Quality Assurance	To provide quality services and products to customers
also known as near-patient testing or bedside testing	Point of Care testing
Most common POCT	Hemoglobin Glucose Testing
it displays output of the detection system	meter or read-out device
it states that the concentration of the unknown is directly proportional to the absorbed light and inversely proportional to the transmitted light	Beer's law
it is the amount of light absorbed	Absorbance
how to compute for the unknown solution	Au x Cs / As
is the ratio of the radiant energy transmitted (T) divided by the radiant energy incident on the sample (l)	Percent transmittance
Technique that the blank contains serum but without the reagent to complete the assay	Blanking technique
used for the measurement of excited ions like Sodium and Potassium	Flame Emission Photometry
light source for FEP	Flame
used for the measurement of unexcited ions like Magnesium and Calcium	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
light source for AAS	Hollow Cathode lamp
color absorbed in wavelength of 400 nm	Violet
color absorbed in wavelength of 500 nm	blue
color absorbed in wavelength of 600 nm	yellow
color absorbed in wavelength of 700 nm	red
used to convert ions to atoms	Atomizer
used to modulate the light source	Chopper
The unknown sample is made to react w/ a known solution in the presence of an indicator	Volumetric/Titrimeteric
It determines the amount of light blocked by a particulate matter in a turbid solution	Turbidimetry
It determines the amount of scattered light by a particulate matter suspended in a turbid solution	Nephelometry
used for measuring abundant large particles and bacterial suspensions	Turbidimetry
used for measuring the amount of antigen-antibody complexes	Nephelometry
separation of proteins and migration of charged particles in an electric field	Electrophoresis
has a net charge that can either be positive or negative depending on pH conditions	Amphoteric
movement of buffer ions	Endosmosis
migration of small charged ions	Iontophoresis
migration of charged macromolecules	Zone electrophoresis
gel that separates proteins into 20 fractions	Polyacrylamide gel
gel that separates proteins by electrical charge	Agarose gel
gel that separates protein by molecular size	Cellulose acetate
It measures the absorbance of stain	Densitometry
ideal for separating proteins with identical sizes but with different net charges	Isoelectric focusing
method used for the separation,quantitation,and determination of molecular weights of proteins	Capillary Electrophoresis
form of chromatography used for fractionation of water and amino acid	Paper Chromatography
paper used in Paper Chromatography	Whatman paper
chromatography used for semiquantitative drug screening test	Thin Layer Chromatography
chromatography used for separation of steroids,barbiturates,blood,alcohol and lipids	Gas Chromatography
gold standard for drug testing	Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
It is based on fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy	Mass Spectroscopy
can detect 20 inborn errors of metabolism from a single blood spot	Tandem Mass Spectroscopy
most widely used liquid chromatography	High Performance Liquid Chromatography
used for detecting nonvolatile substances in body fluids	Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
it separates molecules based on differences in their size and shape	Molecular Sieve Chromatography
Type of chromatography is the exchange of sample ions and mobile phase ions with the charged group of stationary phase	Ion Exchange Chromatography
separation of compounds is based on their partition between a liquid mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase coated on a solid support	Partition Chromatography
type of separation uses the lock and key binding that is widely present in biologic systems	Affinity Chromatography
separation is based on the differences between the adsorption and desorption of solutes at the surface of a solid particle	Adsorption Chromatography
measures light intensity present over a zero background	Fluorometry/Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry
light source in fluorometry	Mercury arc/ Xenon lamp
the emission of light is emitted from a chemical or electrochemical reaction and not from absorption of electromagnetic energy	Chemiluminescence
is the measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as serum, plasma, or urine	Osmometry
most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties of a solution	Freezing point depression osmometry
measurement of electrical potential due to the activity of free ions	Potentiometry
is an electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one given ion	Ion Selective Electrode
is the measurement of the amount of electricity at a fixed potential	Coulometry
interference in ISE	coating of Protein
interference in Coulometry	Bromide, Cyanide and Cysteine
measurement of the current flow produced by an oxidation-reaction	Amperometry
measurement of the differences in current at a constant voltage	Polarography
measurement of a current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell	Voltammetry
most common glassware	Borosilicate
glassware that has high resistance to alkali	Boron-free glassware
glassware that is six times stronger than borosilicate	Corex
glassware utilized for high thermal, drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment w/ acid, it can be heated up to 900 degrees Celsius	Vycor
glassware that has poor resistance to high temperature, easy to melt and used to make disposable glasswares	Flint glass
pipet that delivers the exact amount it holds into a container	To Deliver
pipet that holds the particular volume but does not dispense the exact volume	To Contain
pipet that has continuous etched rings on top of the pipet	blowout pipet
pipet without the etched rings	self-draining pipet
transfer pipet for nonviscous fluid	Volumetric pipet
transfer pipet for viscous fluid	Ostwald folin
transfer pipet that transfers fluids without consideration of a specific volume	Pasteur Pipet
graduated pipet with graduations to the tip	Serological Pipet
graduated pipet without graduations to the tip	Mohr pipet
pipet that relies om the piston for suction creation to draw sample into a disposable tip	Air displacement pipet
pipet that does not require a different tip for each use	Positive Displacement pipet
calibrating medium for TD pipets	distilled water
callibrating medium for TC pipets	mercury
used to compare the reproducibility of brands of pipet tips	0.1% phenol red solution in distilled water
cleaning solution for glassware	Acid Dichromate
period for verification of temperature-monitoring devices	6 or 12 months interval
analyzer wherein samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway	Continuous flow analyzer
True or False Air bubbles serve as separating and cleaning media	True
analyzer that uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents	Centrifugal Analyzer
most popular and versatile analyzer	Discrete Analyzer
analyzer that is capable of running multiple-tests-one-sample-at-a-time	Discrete Analyzer
is the measurement of light reflected from solid surfaces	Reflectance photometry
used to measure analytes by measuring the quantity of light reflected by a liquid sample that has been dispensed onto a grainy or fibrous solid support	Reflectometer
transport of quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction to another and contaminating a subsequent one	Carry over
all samples are loaded at the same time and a single test is conducted on each sample	Batch testing
more than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen	Parallel testing
any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence	Random testing
multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given specimen	Sequential testing
a system other than the manufacturer's reagents can be utilized for measurement	Open reagent system
a system where the operator can only use the manufacturer's reagents	Close reagent system
it provides point-to-point delivery of specimens to the laboratory and offered several advantages over specimen transport by humans	Pneumatic Tube delivery system
vigorous hand exercise can increase what electrolyte	potassium
fasting for glucose, lipids and lipoproteins	8 to 14 hours
fasting for serum bilirubin	48 hours
fasting for plasma triglyceride	72 hours
Basal State Collection (early morning)	Glucose, Cholesterol, TAG, electrolytes
what are increased in obese persons?	LD, cortisol, glucose
caffeine increases the concentration of what sugar	glucose
preferred position during phlebotomy	upright or supine position
30 minutes of standing can increase what electrolyte	potassium
prolonged bedrest can cause decreased?	albumin due to fluid retention
Prolonged used of tourniquet with fist exercises can cause increase in	potassium
alcohol ingestion can increase what	Urate, GGT, TAG
during stress what cholesterols will increase and decrease?	increase in Total Cholesterol decrease in High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol
hepatotoxic drugs can elevate what enzymes	Liver function enzymes
diuretics can decrease what electrolytes	Potassium and Sodium
affected by diurnal variation, increased in the AM:	Cortisol, ACTH, Aldosterone, Iron
affected by diurnal variation, decreased in the PM:	TSH, GH, ALP, PTH
affected by age (increased levels):	Cholesterol, ALP, albumin, phosphate
Affected by gender increased in males	Cholesterol, ALP, creatine, albumin, uric acid
Affected by gender increased in females	Cholesterol, HDL, Iron
first step in sample collection	Patient Identification
use of arterial puncture	Blood Gas Analysis pH measurement
Before blood is collected from the artery, what test should be done first?	Modified Allen test
major complications in arterial blood collection	thrombosis, hemorrhage, possible infection
desired angle of syringe for brachial artery	45-60 degrees
desired angle of syringe for femoral artery	90 degrees
in IV fluid contamination, what will increase and decrease?	⬆️ glucose,chloride,sodium,potassium ⬇️ urea,creatinine
if blood pressure cuff is used as a tourniquet,it is inflated at what mmHg?	60 mmHg
For ethanol testing, what should be used for skin cleansing?	Benzalkonium chloride
For blood culture, what should be used as skin desinfectant?	Chlorhexidine gluconate
standard gauge needle	21 gauge
What causes blood to clot for 15-30 mins	Silica particles
True or False Tubes containing gels can be used for immunology testing	False
in Lactate sample collection, what tube top should be used?	Gray top
depth of incision in skin puncture	<2.0mm
preferred site for skin puncture in newborns	lateral plantar heel surface
collection that is useful in critical care and surgical situations	Central Venous Access
specimens that require chilling during transport	ammonia,blood gas,catecholamines,gastrin,lactic acid,renin,PTH,pyruvate
photosensitive analytes	bilirubin,beta-carotene,folate,porphyrins,vit.A and B6
Rimming the tubes is avoided because it may cause	Hemolysis and aerosol infection
excessive centrifugation can cause	cell lysis,slight elevation in LD and potassium
insufficient centrifugation can cause	incomplete barrier formation or cell contamination
most common method of collection for CSF	lumbar puncture
prefered site for CSF collection	Posterior superior iliac crest between 3rd and 4th vertebrae in adults, between 4th and 5th vertebrae in children
CSF tube 1 goes to what department	Chemistry
CSF tube 2 goes to what department	Microbiology
CSF tube 3 goes to what department	Hematology
True or False For 24-hour urine collection,the first morning specimen should be discarded	True
prefered anticoagulant for synovial fluid	Sodium heparin
Anticoagulants that combine with Calcium	Citrate, Oxalate, Fluoride, EDTA
acts as anti-thrombin,anti-thromboplastin,anti-factor X	Heparin
what tube top is used for HLA phenotyping?	Yellow
What tube top is used for ABO and Rh phenotyping?	Pink
What tube top is used for coagulation studies?	Light blue
What tube top is used for molecular diagnostics?	White
What tube top is used for lead testing?	Tan
What tube top is used for trace elements, toxicology,nutritional studies and TDM?	Royal blue
What tube top is used for ESR (Westergren)	Black
Respinning gel tubes can increase	potassium
What is the simplest carbohydrate?	Glycol aldehyde
What is the most common non-reducing sugar?	Sucrose
What is the only carbohydrate that can be used directly for energy as glycogen?	Glucose
glucose metabolism generates what	Pyruvate, Lactic acid, Acetylcoenzyme A
complete oxidation of gluose yields	CO2, H2O, ATP
organ that controls carbohydrate metabolism	Pancreas
Hypoglycemic agent	Insulin
Hyperglycemic agent	Glucagon
Where is insulin produced?	beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
Where is glucagon produced?	alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
Primarily inhibits the action of insulin, growth hormone and glucagon	Somatostatin
produced by delta cells of the islets of Langerhans	Somatostatin
it stimulates the release of cortisol	ACTH
released from chromaffin cells	corticosteroids
secreted by the cells of the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex	Cortisol and corticosteroids
it is an increase in blood glucose concentration	Hyperglycemia
Whipple's triad	low blood glucose concentration,typical symptoms of hypoglycemia and symptoms that alleviate glucose administration
hyperglycemic value	>126 mg/dL
hypoglycemic value	<60 mg/dL
observable symptoms of hypoglycemia appear at what value	50-55mg/dL
Glucosuria occurs at what level?	>180 mg/dL
what is the reason for ketosis in Diabetes Mellitus?	defect in the metabolism of carbohydrates
commonly refered as fats, composed mostly of carbon-hydrogen bonds	lipids
Fat soluble vitamins	ADEK
most abundant lipid derived from phosphatidic acid	Phospholipid
Where do phospholipids originate?	Liver and Intestine
independent risk factor for atherosclerosis	saturated fatty acid of plasma phospholipids
deficiency of surfactant leads to what syndrome	Respiratory Distress Syndrome
only phospholipid that is not derived from glycerol but from an amino alcohol called sphingosine	Sphingomyelin
accumulation of sphingomyelin in the liver and spleen	Niemann-Pick disease
common feature to all phospholipids	presence of lipid bound phosphate
reference material during third trimester of pregnancy	sphingomyelin
mature lung function correlates with what L/S ratio	>2
What is evaluated for the status of fetal lung maturation	L/S ratio Phosphatidyl glycerol
unsaturated steroid alcohol containing 4 rings	cholesterol
the transport and excretion of cholesterol is activated by what hormone?	Estrogen
reference values for cholesterol	<200 normal 200-239 borderline high >240 high cholesterol
essential in the diagnosis and management of lipoprotein disorders	cholesterol
cholesterol bound to fatty acid	Cholesterol esther
activator of LCAT	Apo-A1
patient preparation for cholesterol testing	diet of 2 weeks
Chemical Method of Cholesterol	Liebermann Burchardt Salkowski Reaction
end color of Liebermann Burchardt reaction	green
end color of Salkowski Reaction	red
one step method in cholesterol testing	Colorimetry
two step method in cholesterol testing	Colorimetry + Extraction
three step method in cholesterol testing	Colorimetry+Extraction+Saponification
four step method in cholesterol testing	Colorimetry+Extraction+Saponification+Precipitation
conditions wherein there is increased cholesterol	Nephrotic Syndrome Biliary Cirrhosis Poorly controlled DM Hyperlipoproteinemia types II,III,V Alcoholism Primary Hypothyroidism
conditions wherein there is decreased cholesterol	Severe hepatocellular disease Severe burns Malabsorption syndrome Malnutrition Hyperthyroidism
neutral lipid	Cholesterol Esther
neutral fat	Triglycerides
main storage lipid in man	Triglycerides
most important lipids in the management of coronary artery disease	Cholesterol and TAG
reference levels for TAG	<150 Normal 150-199 Borderline high 200-499 High TAG >500 very high TAG (acute and recurrent pancreatitis)
it measures the body's ability to metabolize fat	TAG
colorimetric method of TAG	Van Handel & Zilversmith
color compound in colorimetric method of TAG	Blue
Fluoromteric method of TAG	Hantzsch condensation
major interference of TAG	Glycerol
Modified Van Handel and Zilversmith method end color product	Pink
the purpose of adding silicic acid in the Modified Van Handel and Zilversmith	to remove phospholipids from the chloroform extract
conditions wherein there is increased TAG	Pancreatitis Hypothyroidism Hyperlipoproteinemia I,II,IIIb,IV, V Alcoholism Nephrotic syndrome
condition wherein there is decreased TAG	Malabsorption syndrome Malnutrition Hyperthyroidism Brain infarction
constituents of phospholipids and triglycerides	Fatty Acids
provides the substance for the conversion to glucose	fatty acids
exogenous pathway of lipid transport	activation of TAG anf cholesterol, formation and release of chylomicrons into the lymph and into the blood
endogenous pathway of lipid transport	production of TAG from fatty acid by the liver
alternative pathway for HDL metabolism	Cholesterol Esther Transfer Protein
deficiency of CETP leads to production of	large cholesterol-laden HDL
enzyme that hydrolyzes TAG and cholesterol	Lipoprotein lipase
enzyme that hydrolyzes TAG and phospholipids from HDL	Hepatic lipase
enzyme that hydrolyzes TAG and phospholipids in HDL	Endothelial lipase
enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol	Lecithin Cholesterol Acyl Transferase
functions for the efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells into HDL	ATP binding cassette protein A1
its main purpose is to transport TAG and cholesterol to sites of energy storage and utilization	Lipoproteins
maintains the structural integrity of the lipoprotein complex	Apolipoprotein
contains the specific receptor for apolipoproteins	Liver
largest and least dense lipoprotein	Chylomicron
smallest and most dense lipoprotein	High Density Lipoprotein
Apolipoproteins found in Chylomicrons	Apo-B48, APO-A1, APO-B, APO-C
apolipoproteins found in VLDL	APO-B100, APO-C, APO-E
Apolipoproteins found in HDL	APO-A1, APO-A2, APO-C
lipoprotein that transports exogenous TAG	Chylomicron
lipoprotein that transports endogenous TAG	VLDL
lipoprotein that transports excess cholesterol	HDL
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the tissues and return it to the liver	HDL
lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to hepatic and extrahepatic tissues	LDL
primary marker of CHD risk	LDL
apolipoproteins found in LDL	APO-B100, APO-E
minor lipoprotein that is a VLDL remnant and subclass of LDL	Intermediate Density Lipoprotein
sinking pre-B lipoprotein	Lipoprotein A
floating pre-B lipoprotein	B-VLDL
abnormal lipoprotein found in jaundice and LCAT deficiency	Lipoprotein X
reference method for quantitation of lipoproteins	Ultracentrifugation
Electrophoretic pattern	HDL, VLDL, LDL, CM
most popular method for measuring HDL-C	Homogenous assay
Ultracentrifugation+Chemical precipitation	Beta quantification
sample required for Beta quantification	EDTA plasma ultracentrifuged for 18 hrs
Fridewald's equation	TC-HDL-VLDL (TAG/5) (TAG/2.175)
apolipoprotein that activates LCAT and esterifies cholesterol	A1
apolipoprotein that targets LDL to LDL receptor	APO-B100
apolipoprotein that is not recognized by LDL receptor	APO-B48
apolipoprotein that activates lipoprotein lipase	C-II
apolipoprotein that inhibits hydrolysis of TAG	C-III
apolipoprotein that activates LCAT	D
apolipoprotein that is the recognition factor that targets CM and VLDL remnants	E
apolipoprotein that regulates CETP function	F
apolipoprotein for triglyceride metabolism	H
apolipoprotein that is a cell-aggregating factor for Sertoli cells	J
disease due to accumulation of sphingomyelin	Niemann-Pick disease
disease due to complete absence of HDL and also due to a point mutation in ABC-A1	Tangler's disease
defective APO-B synthesis	Abetalipoproteinemia
APO-B deficiency	Hypobetalipoproteinemia
defective of deficient LDL receptors	Familial Hypercholesterolemia
accumulation of plasma VLDL and APO-E2	Familial Dysbetalipoproteinemia
clinical findings in Tangler's disease	Orange or Yellow discoloration of tonsils
inability to clear chylomicron particles	Lipoprotein Lipase deficiency
due to a mutation in LCAT gene	LCAT deficiency
accumulation of sphingolipids in the brain	Tay-Sach's disease
disease wherein APO-B48 is affected	Chylomicron Retention Disease (Anderson's disease)
recessive disorder wherein plant sterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissues	Sitosterolemia
block in the progression from chylomicron to chylomicron remnants	Type 1 Hyperchylomicronemia
block in LDL metabolism and defective apo-B protein	Type 2 Hyperlipoproteinemia
most common primary hyperlipidemia	Familial combined hyperlipidemia (type 2b)
presence of floating B-VLDL, inability to convert VLDL to IDL, resulting in accumulation of IDL	Type 3 Dysbetalipoproteinemia
the production of excess insulin and use of antischizophrenic drugs	Type 4 Hyperlipoproteinemia
LDL deficiency; inability to breakdown TAG	Type 5 Hyperlipoproteinemia
protein comes from the greek work "proteis" meaning	1st rank of importance
Where are proteins synthesized?	liver
proteins are secreted by	hepatocytes
structure of protein that is the linear sequence of the amino acid	Primary
structure of protein that involves winding of the polypeptide chain	Secondary structure
structure of protein that is the actual 3-dimensional configuration	Tertiary structure
structure of protein that involves association of 2 or more polypeptide chains	Quaternary structure
proteins that yield only amino acids	Simple proteins
proteins composed of a protein and a non-protein moiety	Conjugated proteins
examples of metalloproteins	ferritin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin, flavoproteins
examples of lipoproteins	HDL, VLDL, LDL, CM
examples of glycoproteins	haptoglobin, a1 anti-trypsin
example of mucoprotein	Mucin
example of nucleoprotein	Chromatin
a balance between anabolism and catabolism	Nitrogen balance
balance wherein protein catabolism exceeds anabolism	Negative Nitrogen Balance
balance wherein in anabolism is greater than catabolism	Positive Nitrogen Balance
transport protein for T4 and Retinol (Vit.A)	Pre-albumin
the landmark to confirm that the specimen really is a CSF	Pre-albumin
the protein present in highest concentration in plasma	Albumin
a general transport protein	Albumin
prognostic marker of Cystic Fibrosis	Albumin
protein that is a negative acute phase reactant	albumin
group of proteins that consists of a1,a2,b,y fractions	Globulin
protein that is a major inhibitor of protease activity and prevents self-destruction of tissues	A1-antitrypsin
most abundant protein in fetal serum	a2-Fetoprotein
diagnostic significance of AFP	detects Neural tube defects and Down syndrome
protein that has the greatest affinity for testosterone and binds with quinidine	a2-Acid Glycoprotein
protein that is a useful diagnostic tool for neonates with bacterial infections	a2-Acid Glycoprotein
protein that is the major form of PSA found in human sera	a1-Antichymotrypsin
protein that is associated with Alzheimer's disease	a1-Antichymotrypsin
protein that has the strongest affinity for Heme	Hemopexin
protein that exhibits affinity with Vit.D and actin	Group-specific compound(Gc) Globulin
protein for serially monitoring patients who have a slow but steady rate red cell breakdown	Haptoglobin
protein that evaluates the degree of intravascular hemolysis	Haptoglobin
one of the proteins used to evaluate rheumatic diseases	Haptoglobin
copper-binding a2 glycoprotein	Ceruloplasmin
marker for Wilson's disease	Ceruloplasmin
deposition of copper in skin, liver, brain, and cornea	Wilson's disease
largest major nonimmunoglobulin protein in plasma	A2-Macroglobulin
protein that increases 10x in nephrosis	A2-Macroglobulin
protein that is needed in the production of CD8 cells	B2-microglobulin
protein that transports iron to its storage sites	Transferrin
major component of the B2-globulin fraction	Transferrin
examples of immunoglobulins	IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
most abundant antibody found in plasma and lymph	IgG
main antibody found in mucous secretions	IgA
first antibody that appears in response to antigenic stimulation	IgM
antibody present in the surface of B cells	IgD
antibody associated with allergic and anaphylactic reactions	IgE
protein that transports cholesterol, TAG, and phospholipids	Lipoproteins
most abundant protein of the coagulation factor	Fibrinogen
marker for long-term prognosis of cardiovascular diseases	fibrinogen
one of the natural defense mechanisms that protects the human body from infection	complement
protein that appears in the blood of the patients with diverse inflammatory diseases	C-reactive protein
used as an early warning test to persons at risk for coronary artery disease	C-reactive protein
used for rapid test for presumptive diagnosis of bacterial versus viral infection	C-reactive protein
small heme protein found in skeletal and cardiac muscles	Myoglobin
marker for chest pain, and early detection for AMI	Myoglobin
useful marker for monitoring the success or failure of reperfusion	Myoglobin
regulators of actin and myosin	Troponin
troponins present in cardiac and skeletal muscles	troponin-C, troponin-I, troponin-T
sensitive marker for the diagnosis of unstable Angina	Trop-T
useful in monitoring the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in AMI patients	Trop-T
troponin that is more specific for AMI	Trop-I
diagnostic of Congestive Heart Failure	B-type natriuretic peptide
sensitivity marker for determining the glomerular filtration rate	Cystatin C
used to screen and monitor kidney dysfunction	Cystatin C
used as an alternative wherein creatinine measurement is not appropriate	Cystatin C
most common and serious proteinuria	Glomerular proteinuria
presence of low molecular mass proteins in the urine due to defective reabsorption	Tubular proteinuria
involves myoglobinuria, hemoglobinuria, and Bence Jones proteinuria	Overload proteinuria
protein coming from the urinay tract caused by infection, bleeding or malignancy	Postrenal proteinuria
early indicator of glomerular dysfunction	Microalbuminuria
True of False CSF is an ultrafiltrate of plasma	True
>2 bands in the CSF (-) in the serum indicates what	Multiple sclerosis
inherited disorders of amino acid metabolism	Aminoacidopathies
absence of homogentisate oxidase in the tyrosine pathway	Alkaptonuria
impaired activity of the cystathione B-synthetase	Homocystinuria
markedly reduced or absence of a-ketoacid decarboxylase	MSUD
deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydrolase which catalyzes the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine	Phenylketonuria
deficiiency of either of these enzymes Tyrosinemia I,II,III	tyrosinemia
are paired, bean-shaped organs located retroperitoneally on either side of the spinal column	Kidneys
outer region of the kidney	cortex
inner region of the kidney	medulla
functional unit of each kidney	Nephron
parts of a nephron	Glomerulus, Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loope of Henle,Distal Convoluted Tubule, Collecting ducts
responsible for reabsorptiom of sodium,chloride and bicarbonate	Proximal Convoluted Tubule
final site for either concentrating or diluting urine	Collecting ducts
functions of the kidney	Elllimination of waste products Maintainance of blood volume Maintainance of acid base balance Maintainance of electrolyte balance Endocrine function
best overall indicator of the level of kidney function	Glomerular Filtration Rate
How many liters of glomerular filtrate is produced daily	150L
the removal of the substance from plasma into urine over a fixed time	Clearance
formula for urine clearance	U/P x V/1440 x 1.73/A
reference method for urine clearance but not routinely used	Inulin Clearance
excellent measure of renal function	Creatinine Clearance
measure the completeness of a 24-hour urine collection	Creatinine clearance
conditions wherein there is increased Creatinine Clearance	Carbon Monoxide Poisoning High Cardiac Output Burns Pregnancy
conditions wherein there is decreased Creatinine Clearance	Congestive Heart Failure Hemorrhage Impaired Kidney Function Dehydration Shock
It can demonstate progression of renal disease or response to therapy	Urea clearance
presence of this substance in urine denotes damage to the tubules	Cystatin C
used to assess GFR in pediatric and elderly patients and renal transplant patients	Cystatin C
functions as a prostaglandin D synthase	B Trace protein
first metabolite to elevate in kidney diseases	BUN
good indicator of nitrogen intake and the state of hydration	BUN
urease is prepared from what?	Jack beans
reference method for measurement of urea	Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry
major end product of protein and amino acid catabolism	BUN
end product of muscle metabolism	creatinine
BUN rises in response to what?	Renal dysfunction
conditions wherein there is increased BUN	Burns, Chronic Renal Diseases, Dehydration, High Protein Diet, Stress
conditions wherein there is decreased BUN	Poor nutrition, Hepatic diseases, Impaired absorption, Pregnancy
creatinine is derived from what amino acids?	Methionine, Arginine, Lysine
an index of overall renal function	Creatinine
used to evaluate fetal kidney maturity	Creatinine
functional or structural abnormalities or markers of kidney damage including abnormalities in blood, urine, or tissue tests or imaging studies present for less than 3 months	Acute Kidney Injury
Chemical method for Creatinine measurement	Direct Jaffe Method
end product of Direct Jaffe Method	red orange tautomer of creatinine picrate
is a sensitive and specific method of measuring creatinine	Lloyd or Fuller Earth method
used to eliminate the nonspecificity of the Jaffe reaction	Enzymatic method
it has the potential to replace Jaffe method	Creatinase-Hydrogen Peroxide method
conditions wherein there is increased serum creatinine	Congestive Heart Failure, Impaired renal absorption, Chronic Nephritis
conditions wherein there is decreased serum creatinine	Pregnancy, Advanced or Severe Liver disease, Inadequate dietary protein, Decreased muscle mass
In muscle diseases, what are elevated?	plasma and urinary creatinine
elevated concentrations of nitrogenous substances like urea and creatinine	Azotemia
azotemia wherein there is diminished glomerular filtration but normal renal function	Pre-renal azotemia
azotemia wherein there is damage within the kidneys	Renal Azotemia
azotemia that is the result of urinary tract obstruction	Post-renal azotemia
marked elevation in plasma urea	Uremia
Condition wherein the kidney fails to eliminate waste products of metabolism	Uremia
cells present in Uremia	Burr cells and ellipsoidal cells
major product of purine catabolism	Blood Uric Acid
final breakdown of nucleic acid catabolism in humans	Blood Uric Acid
characterized by pain and inflammation of the joints	Gout
crystals present in Gout	birefringent crystals in synovial fluid
is a deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase	Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
specific enzymatic method for measuring uric acid	Uricase method
end product of Uricase method	Allantoin
excretion test that measures renal plasma flow	Para-Amino Hippurate Test
measures excretion of dye proportional to renal tubular mass	Phenolsulfonthalein dye test
reflects the function of the collecting tubules and the loops of Henle	Concentration test
used to assess the quantity of solutes present in urine	Concentration test
simplest test of renal concentrating ability	Specific gravity
expression of concentration in terms of the total number of solute particles present	Osmolality
how is osmolality determined?	measuring the colligative property of the sample (freezing and boiling point, osmotic and vapor pressure)
difference between measured and calculated plasma osmolality	Osmolal gap
chief metabolic organ in the body	Liver
cells present in the liver	Hepatocytes and Kuppfer cells
anatomic unit of the liver	Lobule
to abolish the liver tissue function, it needs to be destroyed by what percent?	80%
provide the most useful indices for assessing severity of liver diseases	Serum albumin and Vit.K dependent coagulation factors
where conversion of ammonia to urea happens	Liver
storage depot for glycogen	Liver
storage site for all fat soluble and water soluble vitamins	Liver
reference method for determining the nitrogen content of proteins	Kjehldahl method
end product of Kjehdahl method	Ammonia
digesting agent of Kjehldahl method	H2SO4
most widely used method for testing compounds with peptide bonds	Biuret test
reagents in Biuret test	Rochelle salt Alkaline copper sulfate NaOH K- Potassium Iodide
positive color in Biuret test	violet colored chelate
purpose of Potassium Iodide in Biuret test	to inhibit the reduction of Copper sulfate
has the highest analytical sensitivity for oxidation of phenolic compounds such as tyrosine, tryptophan and histidine	Lowry method
end color of Lowry method	deep blue color
main reagent in Lowry method	Phenol reagent
color enhancer in Lowry method	Biuret reagent
method wherein absorbance of protein occurs at 210nm	Ultraviolet absorption method
most significant clinical application is for the identification of monoclonal spike of immunoglobulins	Serum Protein Electrophoresis
fastest band in SPE	albumin
2nd fastest band in SPE	Alpha 1 Globulin
3rd fastest band in SPE	Alpha 2 Globulin
4th band in SPE pattern	Beta globulin
5th/slowest band in SPE pattern	Gamma globulin
electrophoretic pattern in Multiple Myeloma	Gamma spike
electrophoretic pattern in Hepatic Cirrhosis	increase in all fractions with beta gamma bridging
electrophoretic pattern in Nephrotic syndrome	increase alpha 2 globulin
electrophoretic pattern in AAT deficiency	alpha 1 globulin flat curve
electrophoretic pattern in inflammation	spikes of alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta globulins
electrophoretic pattern in IDA	small spikes in the beta region
electrophoretic pattern in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Malignancy	Polyclonal Gammopathy
alternative test to chemical analysis of serum total proteins	Refractometry
method in which measurement depends on the formation of a uniform fine precipitate w/c scatters incident light or block light	Turbidimetric and Nephelometric method
separating globulin from albumin by salting out procedure	Salt Fractionation
used for the detection of proteins as little as 1ug	Commassie brilliant blue dye
develops a violet color by reacting with primary amines	Ninhydrin
widely used for the detection of peptides and amino acids	Ninhydrin
conditions wherein there is increased total protein	Malignancy Multiple myeloma Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
conditions wherein there is decreased total protein	Glomerulonephritis Hepatic Cirrhosis Nephrotic syndrome Starvation
differentiates intrahepatic disorder from extrahepatic obstruction liver diseases	Prothrombin time
most commonly used dye for measurement of albumin	Bromcresol green
most specific dye for measurement of albumin	bromcresol purple
hereditary absence of albumin or inability to synthesize albumin	analbuminemia
presence of 2 albumin bands in the electrophoresis	Bisalbuminemia
end product of hemoglobin metabolism	Bilirubin
principal pigment in bile	Bilirubin
conjugated bilirubin that is tightly bound to albumin	delta bilirubin
formed due to the prolonged elevation of conjugated bilirubin in billary obstruction	delta bilirubin
also called icterus or hyperbilirubinemia	Jaundice
characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae and mucus membranes	Jaundice
What is elevated in pre-hepatic jaundice?	Indirect bilirubin
What is elevated in post-hepatic jaundice?	Direct bilirubin
What is elevated in Hepatocellular Combined Jaundice?	direct and indirect bilirubin
Bilirubin Transport deficit	Gilbert's syndrome
Bilirubin Conjugation deficit	Criggler-Najar syndrome
Bilirubin excretion deficit	Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome
an intense dark pigmentation of the liver due to accumulation of lipofuscin pigment	Dubin-Johnson syndrome and Rotor syndrome
familial form of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia with a circulating inhibitor of bilirubin conjugation	Lucey-Driscoll syndrome
deposition of bilirubin in the brain	Kernicterus
most common cause of hyperbilirubinemia	Cholethiasis
substances that are added to measure unconjugated bilirubin	accelerants such as methanol and caffeine
coupling accelerator of Evelyn and Malloy method	methanol
Final reaction in Evelyn and Malloy method	pink to purple azobilirubin
most commonly used bilirubin assay	Jendrassik and Grof
coupling accelerator in Jendrassik and Grof method	Caffeine sodium benzoate
final reaction in Jendrassik and Grof method	pink to blue azobilirubin
conditions wherein there is increased B1	Gilbert's syndrome, Criggler Najar, Lucey Driscoll, G6PD, Hemolytic Anemia, Hepatocellular diseases
conditions wherein there increased B2	Dubin Johnson syndrome, Alcoholic and Viral Hepatitis, Pancreatic Cancer, Hemolytic diseases, Billiary Atresia, Billiary obstruction
is a test for hepatocellular function and potency of bile duct	Bromsulfonthalein Dye test
BSP dye administration methods	Rosenthal White (Double collection) Mac donald (Single collection)
product of bilirubin metabolisl	Urobilinogen
absence of this substance in urine or stool denotes complete biliary obstruction	Urobilinogen
method for measuring urobilinogen	Ehrlich's method
reagent in Ehrlich's method	p-dimethyl aminobenzaldehyde reagent
used to assess the extend of liver damage and differentiate hepatocellular from obstructive diseases	Enzyme tests
it rises from deamination of amino acids	ammonia
this is tested for the diagnosis of hepatic failure and Reye's syndrome	Ammonia
common methods in determination of ammonia	Berthelot and Glutamate dehydrogenase
these are proteins that hastens chemical reaction	Enzymes
True or False The higher the enzyme concentration, the faster the reaction	True
True or False The more substrates added, the faster the reaction rate	True
cofactors of enzymes	coenzymes, activators, metalloenzymes
it is when both the substrate and inhibitor compete for the same active site of the enzyme	Competitive inhibitor
It does not compete with the substrate but look for areas other than the active site	Non-Competitive inhibitor
It is when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex	Uncompetitive inhibitor
these are enzymes having the same catalytic reactions but slightly different molecular structures	Isoenzymes
optimum temperature for enzyme activity	37 degrees Celsius
temperature that may result to inactivation of enzymes	60-65 degrees Celsius
temp for preservation of enzymes for a longer period of time	20 degrees Celsius
ideal storage temp for substrates and coenzymes	2 to 8 degrees Celsius
ideal storage tem for LDH	room temperature
specimen that increases enzyme concentration	hemolyzed
specimen that decreases enzyme concentration	milky
1st digit of the enzyme nomenclature refers to what	Classification
2nd and 3rd digits of the enzyme nomenclature refers to what	Substrate
final or fourth digit of the enzyme nomenclature refers to what	Serial number
catalyze the removal or addition of electrons	Oxidoreductases
catalyze the transfer of a chemical group from one substrate to another	Transferases
catalyze the hydrolysis or splitting a bond by addition of water	Hydrolases
catalyze the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis	Lyases
catalyze the intramolecular arrangement of a substrate compound	Isomerases
catalyze the joining of 2 substrate molecules	Ligases
examples of Oxidoreductases	CO, LDH, MDH, ICD, G6PD
exampled of Transferases	ALT, AST, OCT, CK
examples of Hydrolases	ALP, ACP, CHS, LPS, Gastrin, Pepsin, LAP, AMS, Galactosidase
examples of Lyases	Glutamate dehydrogenase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Tryptophan dehydrogenase, Aldolase
examples of Isomerases	Glucose phosphate isomerase, Ribose phosphate isomerase
example of Ligase	Synthase
site where the substrate reacts with particularly charged amino acid residues	Active site
site that may bind regulator molecules	Allosteric site
When bound tightly to the enzyme, the coenzyme is called	Prosthetic group
Apoenzyme+Prosthetic group = ?	Holoenzyme
digestive enzymes in its inactive form originaly secreted from the organ of production	zymogen
This theory is based on the premise that the shape of the key (substrate) must fit to the lock (enzyme)	Emil Fisher's/ Lock and Key
theory is based on the substrate binding of the active site od the enzyme	Kochland's/Induced theory
an enzyme combines with only one substrate and catalyzes only one reaction	Absolute specificity
enzymes combine with all the substrates in a chemical group	Group specificity
enzymes reacting with specific chemical bonds	bond specificity
the reaction rate depends only on enzyme concentration	Zero-order reaction
the reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration	First-order concentration
the reaction proceeds for a designated time	Fixed time
multiple measurements of change in absorbance are made during the reaction	Continuous monitoring
enzyme that functions to liberate inorganic phosphate from an organic phosphate ester w/ concomitant production of alcohol	ALP
ALP is derived from what sources	Liver, Bone, Pancreas, Intestine
major ALP isoenzymes	Liver ALP, Bone ALP, Pancreatic ALP, Intestinal ALP
ALP that increases during obstructive jaundice	Liver ALP
ALP that increases during Paget's disease	Bone ALP
ALP found in lung, breast, ovarian and gynecological cancers	Regan ALP
ALP found in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and bile duct, pleural cancer	Nagao ALP
ALP methods	Electrophoresis, Heat fractionation, Chemical Inhibiton, Bowers and Mccomb
low ALP levels is seen in what deficiency	Zinc deficiency
most heat stable to least stable ALP	Pancreatic>Intestine>Liver>Bone
useful tumor marker for most germ cell tumors	Placental Alkaline Phosphatase
catalyzes the dame reaction made by ALP except that it is active at pH 5.0	ACP
major tissue source of ACP	PROSTATE
diagnostic significance of ACP	Prostatic cancer Investigation of rape cases
specific substrate of ACP	Thymolphthalein monophosphate
ACP most notable in haury cell leukemia	Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase
conditions wherein there is increased ACP	Gaucher's disease, Niemann Pick disease, Prostatic Carcinoma, Breast lung and thyroid carcinoma
used to monitor the recurrence of prostate cancer	Prostatic Acid Phosphatase with Prostate Specific Antigen
involved in the transfer of an amino group between aspartate and a-keto acids with the production of oxaloacetate and glutamate	AST
diagnostic significance of AST	evaluation of AMI, used for monitoring therapy with potentially hepatotoxic drugs
catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to a-ketoglutarate with the formation of glutamate and pyruvate	ALT
diagnostic significance of ALT	evaluation of hepatic disorders and screening test for posttransfusion hepatitis
ALT abd AST method of testing	Reitman and Frankel
highest elevations of transferase is seen in what	Acute Hepatitis
catalyzes the breakdown of starch and glycogen	Amylase
smallest enzyme in size	Amylase
earliest pancreatic marker	Amylase
major tissue source of Amylase	Acinar cells of the pancreas and salivary glands
salivary amylase	Ptyalin
pancreatic amylase	Amylopsin
diagnostic significance of Amylase	Acute Pancreatitis Salivary Gland Inflammation
additions of what substances inhibit AMS activity	Heparin and Triglycerides
substrate for Amyylase methods	starch
catalyzes the hydrolysis of dietary TAG in the intestine to the 2-monoglyceride intermediate with the production of long chain fatty acids	Lipase
most specific pancreatic marker	Lipase
diagnostic significance of lipase	Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis
substrate of Lipase methods	Olive oil
reference method for lipase	Cherry Crandall
most commonly used method of Lipase	Peroxidase coupling
catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acids	LDH
majority of LD comes from the breakdown of	erythrocytes and platelets
tissue sources of LDH	LD 1 & 2- Heart, Kidney, RBCs LD3- Lungs, Spleen, Pancreas LD 4&5- Skeletal muscles, Liver, Intestine
flipped pattern seen in AMI and Hemolytic Anemia	LD1>LD2
LD pattern in healthy individuals	LD1<LD2
LD cancer markers	LD2,3,4
LD1 is seen in what muscle	Cardiac muscle
LD5 is seen in what muscle	Skeletal muscle
major LD isoenzyme in healthy persons	LD2
LD isoenzyme that represents the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme	LD6
enzyme that represents the LD1 activity	a-hydroxybytyrate dehydrogenase
methods in LDH	Wacker (Forward method) Wrobleuski La Due (Reverse method)
catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate	CK
CK isoenzymes	CK-BB (Brain type) CK-MB (Hybrid type) CK-MM (Muscle type)
major CK isoenzyme in the sera of healthy persons	CK-MM
diagnostic significance of CK	AMI and Duchenne disorder
CK isoenzyme used as serodiagnostic test for AMI	CK-MB
methods for Creatinine Kinase	Tanzer-Gilbarg Oliver-Rosalki
glycolytic enzyne that splits fructose 1-6 diphosphate into two triose phosphate molecules in the metabolism of glucose	Aldolase
is a marker for hepatobilliary disease and infiltrative lesions of the liver	5'Nucleotidase
enzyme elevated among individuals undergoing warfarin,phenobarbital,and phenoin therapy	GGT
diagnostic significance of GGT	Alcoholism, Pancreatitis and Prostatic disorders
enzyme used as a marker for insecticide/pesticide poisoning	Pseudocholinesterase
acts as a antixenobiotic enzyme	Pesuedocholinesterase
coverts angiotensin I to angiotensin II within the lungs	Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
a possible indicator of neuronal dysfunction (Alzheimer's disease)	ACE
diagnostic significance of ACE	diagnosis and monitoring of sarcoidosis
marker for Wilson's disease	Ceruloplasmin
marker for hepatobilliary disease	Ornithine Carbamoyl Transferase
functions to maintain NADPH	G6PD
a newborn screening marker	G6PD
deficiency of this enzyme can lead to drug-induced hemolytic anemia after taking primaquine (anti-malarial drug)	G6PD
ions capable of carrying an electric charge	Electrolytes
balance of charges between cations and anions	Electroneutrality
main determinant of extracellular volume	Salt content
also known as natrium	Sodium
major extracellular cation	Sodium
principal osmotic particle oustide the cell	Sodium
reference value of Sodium	135-145 mmol/L
hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption in the dital convoluted tubule and potassium excretion	Aldosterone
hormone released by cardiac atria that inhibits aldosterone and renin secretion	Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
increased sodium concentration in plasma water	Hypernatremia
results from excessive water loss	Hypernatremia
major defense against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia	Thirst
most common electrolyte disorder	Hyponatremia
reduction in serum sodium concentration caused by a systematic error in measurement	Pseudohyponatremia
quantity of substance excreted in the urine expressed as a fraction of the filtered load for the same substance	Fractional excretion
most commonly used method for Na testing	Ion Selective Electrode
also known as kallum	Potassium
major intracellular cation	Potassium
the single most important analyte in terms of being immediately life threatening	Potassium
reference value of Potassium	3.5-5.2 mmol/L
most common cause of chronic hyperkalemia	impaired renal excretion
most common cause of aldosterone deficiency	Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism
most common cause of hyperkalemia among hospitalized individuals	Therapeutic K+ administration
increased potassium levels due to prolonged tourniquet application, fist clenching etc.	Pseudohyperkalemia
most common cause of hypokalemia	Impaired renal function
most common cause of extra renal loss of potassium	Diarrhea
effect of Hyperkalemia on the Resting Membrane Potential	decreased
effect of Hypokalemia on the Resting Membrane Potential	increased
Hyperkalemia causes what shift in the K+	extracellular shift
Hypokalemia causes what shift in the K+	Intracellular shift
common cause of pseudohypokalemia	Leukocytosis
major extracellular anion	Chloride
promotes maintenance of water balance and osmotic pressure	Chloride
reference value of Chloride	98-107mmol/L
Mercurimetric titration of Chloride	Schales and schales
end color of the product in Schales and schales	blue violet
Spectrophotometric method of Chloride	Whitehorn titration method
endcolor of the product in Whitehorn titration	reddish complex
most commonly used method of Chloride testing	Ion selective electrode
electrolyte present almost exclusively in the plasma	Calcium
where is Calcium absorbed	duodenum
reference value of Calcium	8.6-10 mg/dL
a sensitive and specific marker for Calcium disorders	Ionized calcium
hypercalcemic hormones	PTH and 1,25 Dihydrocholecalciferol
hypocalcemic hormone	Calcitonin
Precipitation and Redox titration method of Calcium	Clark Collip and Ferro Ham
reference method for Calcium testing	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Causes of Hypercalcemia	Cancer, Hyperthyroidism, Iatrogenic causes, Multiple myeloma, hyperParathyroidism, Sarcoidosis
Causes of Hypocalcemia	Calcitonin, Hypothyroidism, Alkalosis, Renal Failure, vit.D deficit
calcium that is decreased in secondary hyperparathyroidism	Ionized calcium
eletrolyte that is inversely related to Calcium	Inorganic phosphorus
Where is inorganic phosphorus absorbed?	jejunum
most phosphate in serum is in what form	Inorganic form
reference value of phosphorus	2.7-4.5
hormones that decrease phosphate	PTH and Calcitonin
most commonly used method to measure inorganic phosphate	Fiske Subbarow method
endproduct of Fiske subbarow method	Ammnium molybdate complex
major cause of hypophosphatemia	Transcellular shift
intracellular cation second in abundance to potassium	Magnesium
fourth most abundant cation in the body	Magnesium
reference value of magnesium	1.2-2.1mEq/L
hormone that increases reabsorption of Magnesium	PTH
hormones that increase renal excretion of Magnesium	Aldosterone and Thyroxine
reference method in Mg determination	Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
second most abundant anion in the ECF	Bicarbonate
major component of the buffering system in the blood	Bicarbonate
difference between the unmeasured cations and the unmeasured anions	Anion gap

Created by: gly

"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries: