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IB Chem Atomic SL
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Element | Same number of protons |
| Induction | Evidence and data to rules and theory |
| OH- | Hydroxide ion. |
| NO3,- | Nitrate ion. |
| SO4,2- | Sulphate ion. |
| PO4,3- | Phosphate ion. |
| Formula unit | Term for ionic compounds (smallest whole number ratio of the compound). |
| Ionic compound | Formed from the attraction of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions). Metal and a non-metal. dEN >1.8. |
| Covalent compound. | Formed by sharing electrons. 2 non-metals. dEN 0 to 1.8. |
| Atom | A single particle that is still an element (not subparticle). |
| Compound | 2 or more elements chemically bonded together in a fixed ratio with unique properties. |
| Mixture | Contain more than one element an/or compound that are not chemically bonded together and so retain their individual properties. No fixed ratio. |
| Homogenous | Mixture with uniform properties. |
| Heterogenous | Mixture with non-uniform properties. |
| NH4,+ | Ammonium ion. |
| CO3,2- | Carbonate ion. |
| Deduction | Using rules and theory to find predict answers. |
| Theory | An explanation that provides an understanding across a range of phenomena and disciplines. |
| Law | A description of regular patterns of behavior. |
| Occam’s razor | A theory should be as simple as possible while maximizing explanatory power. |
| Entropy | Increase in randomness of matter and energy. |
| Enthalpy | Increase loss of chemical energy. |
| Diatomic molecules | H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 |
| Pure substance | Cannot be separated by physical means. |
| Isotope | Same number of protons different number of neutrons. |
| Cation | Atoms with a positive charge. |
| Anion | Atoms with a negative charge. |
| Polyatomic ion | Covalent molecule with a negative charge |
| Retardation factor | = distance moved by sample/distance moved by solvent |
| Liquid | Fixed volume, no fixed shape, only Br2 and Hg elements at SATP (l). |
| Solid | Fixes volmune and shape (s). |
| Gas | No fixed volume or shape (g). |
| Aqueous | Dissolved in water (aq). |
| Vaporising | Endothermic process of liquid to gas - either boiling or evaporating. |
| Melting | Endothermic process of solid to liquid. |
| Sublimation | Endothermic process of solid to gas. |
| Deposition | Exothermic process of gas to solid. |
| Freezing | Exothermic process of liquid to solid. |
| Condensing | Exothermic process gas to liquid. |
| Nucleon | Protons and neutrons. |
| Proton | Subatomic particle 1 amu postive charge. |
| Neutron | Subatomic particle 1 amu no charge. |
| Electron | Subatomic particle 1 amu negative charge. |
| Atomic number (Z) | Number of protons. |
| Mass number (A) | Number of protons and neutrons. |
| Ion | Atom with a charge. |
| Transistion metal | Element with incompletely filled d sub-shells in atomic or cationic form. |
| Relative atomic mass formula | amu1 x proportion + amu2 x proportion + ... |
| Relative atomic mass | The ratio of average mass of one atom of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. |
| UV light | Electrons moving back to n=1 |
| Visible light | Electrons moving back to n=2 |
| Infrared light | Electrons moving back to n=3 |
| Aufbau principle | Electrons fill the lowest energy sublevels first. |
| Hund’s Rule | In each sublevel, orbitals half fill first, before containing an electron pair. |
| Pauli exclusion principle | Paired electrons have opposite spin. |
| (Z |
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andrewweng0406
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