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chapter 3 safety
ch.3 radreview
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| natural background radiation represents what percentage of humans' radiation exposure | 50% |
| the greatest source of natural background radiation exposure is | radon gas |
| cosmic radiation? | is a part of natural background exposure |
| radon gas: | presents danger when undetected |
| x-rays and gamma rays used in diagnostic imaging are | part of an artificial background radiation dose |
| a feature of flouroscopic x-ray machines that automatically adjusts kvp and mA so as to maintain image brightness for necessary image quality is called? | automatic brightness control (ABC) |
| what term best describes the approximate skin dose where the x-ray beam is entering the patient | air kerma |
| sievert is calculated by multiplying gray by | Wr |
| the total of air kerma over the exposed area of the patient is called | dose area product |
| which of the following is also known as coherent scattering | classic scatter |
| which of the following photon-tissue interactions does not occur in diagnostic radiography | pair production |
| which of the following is responsible for creating the conditions for contrast on the image | photoelectric interaction |
| which of the following produces scatter radiation that exists the patient and may fog the image | compton interaction |
| which of the following produces scatter as a result of vibration of orbital electrons | coherent scatter |
| which of the following results in total absorption of an incident electron | photoelectric interaction |
| which of the following is the only photon-tissue interaction that does not result in ionization | coherent scatter |
| which of the following involves interaction between an incident photon and an atomic nucleus | pair production |
| which of the following photon-tissue interactions primarily involves k-shell electrons | photoelectric interactions |
| which of the following primarily involves loosely bound outer-shell electrons | compton interaction |
| which of the following photon-tissue interactions necessitates the use of a grid | compton interaction |
| which of the following may result in occupational exposure for a radiographer | compton interaction |
| which of the following results in the production of a photoelectron that is ejected from the atom | photoelectric interaction |
| what unit of measurement is used for absorbed dose in tissue | GYt |
| what unit of measurement is used for effective dose limits | sievert |
| which of the following units would be used to describe the radiation present in a fluoroscopic room | GYa |
| the amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue being traversed is | LET, which determines the use of a Wr when the equivalent dose is being calculated |
| what agency publishes radiation protection standards based on scientific research | national council on radiation protection and measurements (NRCP) |
| the agency that enforces radiation protection standards relating to radioactive material at the federal level is the | nuclear regulatory commission (NRC) |
| effective dose limit is defined as the upper boundary dose that | can be absorbed, either in a single exposure or annually with a negligible risk of somatic or genetic damage to the individual |
| ALARA is an acronym | a radiation protection concept that encourages radiation users to keep the dose to the patient as low as reasonably achievable |
| what are graphs called that show the relationship between dose of radiation recieved and incidence of effects | dose-response curves |
| which of the following is the basis for all radiation protection standard | linear-nonthreshold effect |
| which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation and the response to the radiation is not directly proportional to the dose received | nonlinear-nonthreshold effecct |
| which of the following means there is no safe level of radiation and the response to the radiation is directly proportional to the dose received | linear-nonthreshold effect |
| which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects and those effects are directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded | linear-threshold effect |
| which of the following means there is a safe level of radiation for certain effects and those effects are not directly proportional to the dose received when the safe level is exceeded | nonlinear-threshold effect |
| effects of radiation where the probability of occurence not severity of occurrence is proportional to the dose are called | stochastic effects |
| effects of radiation that become more severe as dose increases are called | deterministic effects |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit per month | 0.5mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, the occupational cummulative effective dose limit=age in years x what dose | 10mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, the annual occupational effective dose limit is | 50mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the annual effective dose limit for radiography students older than age 18 | 50mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the annual effective dose limit for the general public assuming infrequent exposure | 5mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the embryo or fetus equivalent dose limit for gestation | 5mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the annual effective dose limit for the general public assuming frequent exposure | 1.0mSv |
| according to the NRCP report #116, what is the annual effective occupational dose limit for the lens of the eye | 150mSv |
| the Wr used in calculating sievert takes into account which of the following | LET |
| LET and biological damage are | directly proportional |
| the ability of different types of radiation to produce the same biological response in an organism is called | RBE |
| the phases of the cellular life cycle , in order, are | interphase(G1,S,G2), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| the process of cell division for germ cells is called | meiosis |
| which of the following occurs when radiation transfers its energy to DNA | direct effect |
| which of the following states that each cell has a master molecule that directs all cellular activities and that if inactivated results in cellular death | target theory |
| which of the following describes the amount of radiation required to increase the number of mutations in a population by a factor of 2 | doubling dose |
| what occurs when radiation tranfers its energy to the cellular cytoplasm | indirect effect |
| which of the following induces radiolysis | indirect effect |
| what is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation | mutations |
| which of the following is responsible for producing free radicals | indirect effect |
| what occurs when the master molecule is struck by radiation | direct effect |
| which of the following poisons the cell with H2O2 | indirect effect |
| most of the damage to a cell occurs as a result of | indirect effect |
| cell radiosensitivity is described by the | law of bergonie and tribondeau |
| the law that states that cells are most sensitive to radiation when they are nonspecialized and rapidly dividing is the | law of bergonie and tribondeau |
| cells are more radiosensitive when | fully oxygenated |
| blood count can be depressed with a whole-body dose of | 0.25Sv |
| the most radiosensitive cells in the body are | lymphocytes |
| cells that are least sensitive to radiation exposure include | nerve and muscle cells |
| compared with ova in younger and older women, ova in women of reproductive age are | less radiosensitive |
| most somatic effects occur | at doses beyond doses used during diagnostic radiography |
| which of the following is considered a late somatic effect | carcinogenesis |
| somatic effects manifest in | the person who has been irradiated |
| which of the following is used to limit the area of the patient being irradiated | collimator |
| gonadal shields may reduce exposure to female gonads by up to | 50% |
| which of the following sets of exposure factors would result in the lowest dose to the patient | low mAs, high kVp |
| which of the following is used as part of an effect to practice the ALARA concept | collimation |
| the cardinal rules of radiation protection include | shielding, distance, time |
| which of the following is used to survey an area for radiation detection and measurement | handheld ionization chamber |
| which of the following is accurate as low as 100 uGya | film badge |
| which of the following includes filters for measurements of radiation energy | film badge |
| which of the following may be used to measure in-air exposures in fluoroscopic room | handheld ionization chamber |
| what detection device sounds an alarm to indicate the presence of radioactivity | geiger-mueller detector |
| which of the following is accurate as low as 50 uGya | TLD |
| which of the following is a digital monitor that may be used to measure dose in an area | handheld ionization chamber |
| which of the following may be used for 3 months at a time | TLD |
| which of the following is sensitive to extremes in enviornment | Film badge |
| which of the following is used to represent the mean marrow dose | MMD |
| the radiation dose that would cause the same genetic injury to the population as the sum of doses received by individuals actually being exposed is called | GSD |
| the timer used in fluoroscopic | is used to alert the fluoroscopist after 5 min of fluoroscopy scanning have elapsed |
| the most effective protection against radiation exposure for the radiographer is | distance |
| if the dose of scatter radiation in fluoroscopy to the radiographer is 10mGya at a distance of 2 ft from the table, where should the radiographer stand to reduce the dose to 2.5mGya | 4 ft form the table |
| lead aprons used in fluoroscopy must be at least | 0.25mm lead equivalent |
| which of the following is true concerning holding of patients for radiographic exams | should be done only when absolutely necessary and then the holding should be done by a non-pregnant member of the patients family |
| the factors that must be considered in the design of structural shielding for a radiology room or department | use, occupancy, workload |
| the lowest intensity of scatter radiation form the patient is located | at a 90 degree from the patient |
| minimal (M) readings on dosimeter reports mean | a dose below the sensitivity of the dosimeter has been received |
| a readout on the fluoroscopic monitor that indicates air kerma striking the surface of patient is | DAP meter |
| which of the following is the most sensitive personnel monitoring device | OSL dosimeter |
| minimum source-to-skin distance for mobile radiography must be | 12 in |
| positive beam limitations is also known as | automatic collimation |
| added tube filtration should be adjusted by the radiographer | never |
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Luciag404