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ap euro chapter 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| when/ where did industrial rev begin | britain sometime after 1750 |
| agricultural revolution as it relates to industrial rev | changes in methods of farming/ stock breeding led to significant increase in food production led families to be able to save their money from food to buy more manufactured goods |
| causes of industrial rev | 1. agricultural rev 2.supply of capital 3. early entrepreneurs 4. mineral resources (coal/ iron ore) 5. stable gov't 6. foreign/ domestic markets |
| britain and supply of capital | britain had developed banking system based on paper money |
| industrial entrepreneurship roots in britain | revolutions had made political power rest in hands of innovative, progressive people |
| how did britain's markets contribute to industrialization | colonization allowed britain to transport goods anywhere in the world and britain had ability to cheaply produce articles in demand abroad and britain had good domestic market |
| developments in cotton industry (domestic) | flying shuttle sped up weaving on a loom, spinning jenny produced yarn in greater quantities, cartwright's power loom increasing weaving of clothing |
| movement of cotton industry to factories | more efficient to bring workers to machines located near rivers |
| james watt | invented steam engine |
| how did steam engine impact cotton industry | no longer had to be near water and was a tireless source of power |
| how did the steam engine impact the iron industry | led to need for more coal |
| coke and the iron industry | product of slowly burning charcoal-- could heat iron ore at faster rate |
| henry cort | helped iron industry by developing process called puddling in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron (product of smelting iron ore with coke) to produce iron of higher quality called wrought iron |
| how did the iron industry impact the transportation industry | cheaper steel led to encouragement of use of machinery |
| richard trevithick | pioneered first steam powered locomotive |
| stephenson | created better steam powered locomotives like the rocket |
| how did the railroad contribute to the maturation of the industrial revolution | demands for coal furthered growth of that industry; huge capital demands for railroad construction led to middle class investment in joint stock companies; created new job opportunities; larger markets were created |
| change in working due to factories | now had timed schedule |
| how did factory owners demand discipline | fines/ dismissal |
| methodism and factories | reinforced new values of factories of following a disciplined path |
| britain's great exhibition of 1851 | housed in crystal palace and displayed 100,000 exhibits of the wide variety of products created by industrial rev-- demonstration of british success |
| how did the great exhibition represent britain's imperial power | goods from india, somewhat criticized because the labor-intensive goods contrasted british industrial efficiency |
| which 3 continental european powers industrialized next | belgium, france, german states |
| why did continental europe take longer to industrialize | lack of good roads, toll stations increased trade costs, entrepreneurs disliked competition and were less willing to take risks |
| how was the role of gov't during industrialization different on continetal europe | wanted to play a significant role-- provided grants for entrepreneurs, exempted industrial equipment from duties, and financed factories |
| how did continental gov'ts use tariffs to encourage industrialization | placed high tariffs on cheap british goods to protect their newly industrializing industries |
| friedrich list | advocated use of protective tariffs |
| 2 ways development of cotton manufacturing differed between britian/ the continent | 1. cotton mills were more dispersed throughout the countries on the continent 2. old cotton methods held on longer on the continent |
| steam engine on the continent vs. britain | in britain used mainly for cotton, on continent used mainly for mining/ metallurgy |
| what industry was the continental industrial revolution built on | iron and coal of heavy industry |
| what influenced the initial application of machinery in the US | borrowing from europe (slater's textile factory) |
| american system of industry | interchangeable parts that prevented a skilled worker from fitting together parts (i.e. harper's ferry arsenal) |
| what part of industrialization was most essential to the US | a transportation system since the US was so large |
| labor force of US factories | primarily from rural areas, mainly women who decided not to go west, children, and immigrants |
| how did the labor force impact US industrialization | all the unskilled laborers made factory owners heavily invest in machines that untrained workers could work with |
| impact of industrialization on india | after it came under british control was flooded with cheap british goods-- encouraged indians to export raw materials and buy british goods |
| what was the reason for the increasing population | decrease in death rates-- drop from famines, epidemics, and wars and increase in food supply |
| why were the irish impoverished | poor catholic farmers renting from british protestant landlords |
| ireland great famine | country depended on potato for survival and country experienced dramatic population loss |
| describe life in cities | deaths outnumbered births due to terrible conditions-- only kept growing bc infux of population |
| poor law commission | in britain, produced reports on urban industrial life |
| edwin chadwick | urban reformer who worked to fix conditions in cities-- wanted a sanitary reform, led to creation of britain's first public health act |
| cholera | people began to support calls for urban reform since they were scared of contracting the disease |
| how had the bourgeois change from the middle ages | no longer town dweller who enjoyed special rights-- now involved in commerce, trade, and law |
| role of religious minorities in new business | many quakers joined-- could get money from fellow religious people and had few other opportunities |
| artisans during the industrial rev | formed a working elite and often opposed the cheap products of industrialization |
| why were children a valuable source of labor | smaller fingers, smaller bodies, more broken to factory work, cheap |
| pauper apprentices | orphans who were put in the care of parish offices who were auctioned off to factory workers to pay for their upkeep |
| 1830s and 1840s labor reform acts in britain | mainly affected child workers in textile/ mine,not other industries |
| women's roles in factories and home | few married women worked in factories, so didn't alter household structure |
| industrialization and standard of living | didn't necessarily improve standard of living, but increased income gap between rich and poor |
| trade unions | formed by skilled workers to preserve worker position by limiting entry into trade and gain benefits from employers |
| combination aacts | passed outlawing associaitions of workers-- eventually repealed after they were ignored |
| robert owen and unions | advocated forming voluntary associations that would advocate cooperation over competition |
| grand national consolidated trades union | national federation of trade unions that coordinated general strike for 8 hour work day-- eventually collapsed |
| amalgamated society of engineers | largest and most successful individual union that provided unemployment benefits for small weekly payment |
| luddites | skilled crafts people who attacked machines that they believed threatened their livelihood |
| chartism generally | goal was to achieve political democracy |
| people's charter | inspiration for the name chartism-- demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of parliament, elimination of parliament property requirements, and annual parliament sessions |
| chartist methods for achieving goals | mainly worked through political process, few strikes |
| significance of chartist movement | even though it failed in its goals, demonstrated ability to organize millions of working class people |
| factory act of 1833 | included all factories in legislation to limit child labor and require education for child factory workers |
| ten hours act | reduced work day for children and women to ten hours |
| coal mines act | eliminated employment of boys under 10 and women in mines |
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trainagrace