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Skeletal System 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the Skeletal System's functions? | ▪️support/protect softer tissues ▪️stores inorganic salts ▪️houses blood producing cells ▪️provides points of attachment for muscles, to enable body movement |
| What are the organs in the skeletal system? | The bones |
| Long Bones | ▪️long longitudinal axes ▪️expanded ends ▪️femur,humerus |
| Femur | Thigh bones |
| Humerus | Upper arm |
| Short Bones | ▪️roughly equal lengths and widths ▪️carpals,tarsals,sesamoid bone |
| What are carpals? | Wrists |
| What are tarsals? | Ankles |
| Sesamoid bone | Round small bone, nodular, develops within a tendon or adjacent to a joint Ex: patella |
| What is the patella? | Kneecap |
| Flat Bones | ▪️platelike structures ▪️broad surfaces ▪️ribs, scapulae |
| What is the scapulae? | Shoulder blade |
| Irregular bones | ▪️variety of shapes ▪️most are connected to other bones ▪️vertebrae, facial bones |
| Parts of the Long bone | ▪️epiphysis ▪️proximal epiphysis ▪️distal epiphysis ▪️articular carrilage ▪️diaphysis ▪️periosteum ▪️medullary cavity ▪️endosteum ▪️narrow ▪️trabeculae |
| Epiphysis | At each end of the bone, expanded portion. Articulates, forms a joint with another bone |
| Proximal epiphysis | Attachment is nearest to trunk |
| Distal epiphysis | Attachment is farthest from the trunk |
| Articular cartilage | Made of headline cartilage,covers the articulating portion of the epiphysis |
| Diaphysis | Longer or shaft of the bone, between the epiphysis |
| Periosteum | Tough covering of dense connective tissue▪️completely enclose bone except for articular cartilage on bone ends▪️firmly attached to bone▪️helps form & repair bone tissue▪️has periosteal fibers for connecting ligaments & tendons |
| Processes | Bony projections that provide sites where ligaments and tendons attach |
| Grooves + openings | Allow passageways for blood vessels and nerves |
| Depression | One bone may articulate with the process of another |
| Types of bone in the Long bone | Compact bone Spongy bone |
| Compact bone | Cortical bone, wall of the diaphysis, has tightly packed tissue, continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps |
| Spongy bone | Cancellous bone, makes up the epiphysis. Layers of compact bone on the surface, consists of trabeculae |
| Trebeculae | Numerous branching bony plates ▪️irregular connecting spaces between trabeculae help reduce the bone's weight |
| Medullary cavity | Tube with a hollow chamber found inside the compact bone of the diaphysis, continuous with the spaces of the spongy bone |
| Endosteum | Thin layer of cells that line the medulla cavity and spaces within the spongy bone |
| Marrow | Specialized soft connective tissue that fills the medullary cavity |
| Osteocytes | Bone cells that occupy very small, bony chambers |
| Lacunae | Within the bony matrix of the lamellae |
| Lamellae | Form concentric circles around central canals (haversion canals) ▪️osteocytes exchange substances with nearby cells, by means of cellular processing passing through the canaliculi |
| Collagen | Strength + resilience |
| Inorganic salts (calcium phosphate) | Hard, resistant to crushing |
| Compact bone | Osteocytes and layers of extracellular matrix concentrically cluster around central canal ▪️form an osteon ▪️*many osteons*➡️substance of compact bones |
| Central canals | ▪️blood vessels ▪️loose connective tissue ▪️nerve fibers ▪️extend longitudinally through bone tissue |
| Perforating canals | ▪️volkmann's canals ▪️connect central canals ▪️transverse through the bone ▪️blood vessels ▪️communicate between surface of bone & medullary cavity ▪️nerves |
| Spongy bone | ▪️osteocytes ▪️extracellular matrix ▪️bone cells do not form around central canals ▪️cells lie in the trabeculae, get nutrients from substances ▪️diffuse into canaliculae |
| Canaliculae | Space osteocytes are in |
| Ossification | Formatiom of bone tissue |
| Bones form by replacing existing connective tissue in 2 ways: | ▪️intramembranous bones ▪️endochondral bones |
| Intramembranous bones | Originate between sheetlike layers of connective tissue▪️flat bones, skull,mandible,clavicle▪️develop in fetus from membrane |
| Endochondral bones | Begin as masses of hyaline cartilage that are later replaced by bone tissue |
| Homeostasis of Bone Tissue | ▪️osteoclasts & osteoblasts continually remodel bones after they form ▪️through life, osteoclasts resorb bone matrix, osteoblasts replace it ▪️hormones regulate blood calcium & help control opposing processes of resorption & deposition of matrix |
| Factors affecting bone development, growth, & repair | ▪️nutrition ▪️hormonal secretions ▪️physical excercise |
| Nutrition | Vitamin D needed for proper calcium absorption |
| Hormonal Secretions | Growth hormones stimulate division of the cartilage cells in epipyseal plates▪️sex hormones stimulate ossification of the plates also |
| Physical excersice | Pulling on muscular attachments to bones stresses the bones,stimulating the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen |
| Skull | Protect the brain,eyes, and ears |
| Rib cage & shoulder girdle | Protect heart and lungs |
| Pelivic girdle | Protect lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs |
| Lower limbs, pelvis, and backbone | Support body weight |
| Hematopoiesis | Process of blood formation |
| Process of hematopoiesis | 1. Begins in yolk sac which lies outside the human embryo 2. Then in liver & spleen 3. Finally, in bone marrow |
| Red Marrow | ▪️formation of red blood cells,white cells, and platelets ▪️red due to hemoglobin in red cells ▪️infants have high amount of red marrow, occupies the cavities of most bones ▪️adults found in spongy bone of skull,ribs,sternum,clavicle,vertebrae,hip bones |
| Yellow marrow | ▪️store fats ▪️replaces red marrow as a person ages ▪️not active in any blood cell production ▪️may become red marrow,if blood cells suply is low |
Created by:
Sgard