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HuG Unit 4
Political Processes & Patterns
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Antecedent Boundaries | A boundary that was created before the present day cultural landscape developed, ie. Malaysia/Indonesia on the island of Borneo. |
| Annexation | To incorporate a country or other territory within the domain of a state |
| Balkanization | The fragmentation of a region into smaller, often hostile political units. Named after the Balkan peninsula where this process is common |
| Benelux | A politico-economic union of regional interstate cooperation between BE (Belgium), NE (Nederland) and LUX (Luxemburg) |
| Buffer State | An independent country that lies between two larger and more powerful countries that are in most cases antagonistic toward each other ie. Mongolia between China and Russia, Nepal between India and China |
| Berlin Conference 1884 | A meeting of the major colonizers of Africa to lay out the colonial map, divvy up Africa among themselves |
| Capitalism | economic model wherein people, corporations and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market with the goal of achieving a profit |
| Centrifugal Forces | Forces that tend to divide a country (FUG-AWAY) |
| Centripetal Forces | Forces that tend to unify a country (PETAL-TOWARDS) |
| City-State | An autonomous state consisting of a city and surrounding territory |
| Colonialism | Rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place |
| Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) | A regional intergovernmental organization of originally ten post-Soviet republics in Eurasia formed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 |
| Compact State | A state whose territory is relatively small and round shaped |
| Confederation | A body formed by persons, states or nations united by a league or common cause |
| Core | Areas containing processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology, generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world economy |
| Decolonization | The gaining of independence by a colony |
| Delimitation | There are no physical signs on Earth's surface to show that a boundary exists, ie. Saudi Arabia/Omen |
| Demarcation | Political boundaries on Earth's surface are determined by the use of man made structures such as fences and walls, ie. United States/Mexico. |
| Democracy | A government based on the principle that people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state |
| Democratization | The introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles |
| Devolution | The process by whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government, ie Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia |
| Domino Theory | 20th Century foreign policy theory that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect |
| East/West Divide | The geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia |
| Electoral College | A body of electors established by the United States Constitution, which forms every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president of the United States. |
| Elongated State | A state whose territory is long and narrow in shape |
| Enclave | A portion of a state that is totally surrounded by another state whose inhabitants are ethnically or culturally distinct, ie. Armenia |
| European Union | Designed initially to facilitate trade between European nations, is now uniformity in social and political policies as well as economic |
| Exclaves | A small portion of land that is separated from the main state, ie. Kaliningrad /Russia. |
| Federalism (Federal) | A political system where a central government represents the various entities within a nation state while retaining their individual identities |
| Fragmented State | A state that is not a contiguous whole, but rather separated parts (island nations) |
| Frontier | Zone where no state exercises political control, ie. Antarctica and Portions of Saudi Arabia. |
| Geometric Boundary | Straight lines that serve as political boundaries that are unrelated to physical and /or cultural differences, ie. United States/Canadian border. |
| Geopolitics | The view that location and physical environment are important factors in the global power structure |
| Gerrymandering | The redistricting of voting districts for advantage, to give one party an electoral advantage |
| Heartland Theory | A hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world |
| Hegemon | The ruling class |
| Imperialism | the perpetuation of a colonial empire even after it is no longer politically sovereign |
| International Organization | An organization whose members are sovereign states |
| Irredentism | Advocating of annexation of territories administered by another state on the grounds of common ethnicity or prior historical possession |
| Landlocked State | A state not having direct access to an ocean, ie. Bolivia. |
| Law of the Sea | Law establishing states’ rights and responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth’s seas and oceans and their resources. |
| Lebensraum | Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people |
| Manifest Destiny | A phrase that expressed the belief that the United States had a mission to expand, spreading its form of democracy and freedom. |
| Mercantilism | associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. A protectionist policy of European states during the 16th to 17th century that promoted a state’s economic position in the contest with other countries. |
| Microstate | A state that is extremely small, ie. San Marino or Vatican City |
| Multi-National State | A state with more than one nation within its borders |
| Multi-State Nation | A nation that stretches across borders and across states |
| Nation | A geographic area that is dominated by a large population that shares a common history and culture, ie. Kurds and Palestinians. |
| Nationalism | A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others |
| Nation-State | A political unit comprising a clearly delineated territory where the population shares a common history and culture, ie. Japan. |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | An agreement signed on Jan. 1, 1994 that allows the opening of borders between the US, Mexico, and Canada |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | An international organization that has joined together for military purposes |
| North/South Divide (Brandt Line) | The economic division between the wealthy countries of Europe and North America, Japan, and Australia and the generally poorer countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America |
| Organic Theory | The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age |
| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) | An international economic organization whose member countries all produce and export oil |
| Perforated State | A state that totally surrounds another state, ie. South Africa. |
| Physical Boundary | Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers |
| Political Geography | A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal |
| Popular Vote | The tally of each individual's vote within a given geographic area |
| Prorupted State | A state having a portion of territory that is elongated, ie. Thailand |
| Periphery | Areas containing processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries and less technology and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy |
| Reapportionment | Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district contains approximately the same number of individuals |
| Rectangular State | A state whose territory is rectangular in shape |
| Redistricting | The drawing of new electoral district boundary lines in response to population changes |
| Relic Boundaries | Boundary that ceases to exist, however the imprint of the boundary still remains on the cultural landscape, ie. north/south Vietnam. |
| Rimland Theory | Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest |
| Self-Determination | A concept of principle wherein a people or nation have a human right to statehood and that such a state has an equal right to sovereignty |
| Semi-Periphery | Places where core and periphery process are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery suffrage |
| Sovereignty | A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social economic and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states |
| State | An independent political unit, with a defined territory, that has dominion over the space and the people. |
| Stateless Nation | Nations which do not have a state, ie. The Kurds, Palestinians |
| State’s Rights | Rights and power believed to be in the authority of the state rather than the federal government |
| Subsequent Boundary | Boundaries that are created as a result of long term processes, ie Vietnam/China |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Superimposed Boundary | Boundary that has been forced upon the inhabitants of an area to solve a problem and/or conflict, ie. Indonesia/Papa New Guinea |
| Supranational Organization | A venture involving three or more national states—political, economic, or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is such an organization, as is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). |
| Territorial Disputes | Any dispute over land ownership |
| Territorial Organization | Political organization that distributes political power in more easily governed units of land |
| Theocracy | A state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided, or a group of religious leaders |
| Unilateralism | world order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision making process |
| Unitary State | A nation state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state |
| United Nations (U.N.) | A global supranational organization established at the end of world war II to foster international security and cooperation |
| UNCLOS | (United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea) – met for the first time in 1958 to decide uniform always to govern the ownership of one of the world’s’ most giant frontiers. |
| Apartheid | The segregation of blacks in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority. |
| Census | A count of the population of a nation, state, or other geographic region. It records information about the population's characteristics, such as age, sex, and occupation. |
| Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) | An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well as the raw material resources. |
| Ethnic Conflict | A war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes. |
| Ethnic Cleansing | Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region. |
| Genocide | The deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race. |
| High Seas | Refers to the area of the sea beyond the national jurisdiction of any state. |
Created by:
Perales76