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Mix & Flow of Matter
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agitation | stirring or shaking (19) |
| Archimedes’ Principle | a scientific principle stating that the buoyant force acting on a submerged object equals the weight (force of gravity) of the fluid displaced by the object (65) |
| Area | the amount of surface; measured in square units such as cm2 (304) |
| Average Density | the total mass of an object divided by the total volume (62) |
| Bar Graph | a diagram consisting of horizontal or vertical bars that represent (often numerical) data |
| Barometer | the most common device for measuring air pressure (76) |
| Buoyancy | the tendency to rise or float in a fluid (59) |
| Buoyant Force | the upward force exerted on objects submerged in or floating on a fluid (59) |
| Capacity | the largest amount that can be held by a container (usually measured in litres or millilitres) |
| Capacity Unit | unit used to measure the volume of liquids, e.g., the litre (L) |
| Change of State | the transformation of a substance’s physical state (whether solid, liquid, or gas) into another state |
| Circle Graph | a circle divided into sections (like pieces of a pie) to represent data; also called a pie chart |
| Classify | to group ideas, information, or objects based on their similarities |
| Colloid | a heterogeneous mixture in which particles do not settle (15) |
| Compressibility | the ability to be squeezed into a smaller volume; a property of gases |
| Compressible | capable of being squeezed into a smaller volume |
| Compressor | an electrical device that compresses air (82) |
| Conclusion | an explanation of the results of an experiment as it applies to the hypothesis being tested |
| Condensation | the process of changing from gas to liquid |
| Control | in a scientific experiment, a standard to which the results are compared; often necessary in order to draw a valid conclusion; ensures a fair test |
| Co-ordinate Graph | a grid that has data points named as ordered pairs of numbers, (e.g., (4, 3)) |
| Cubic Units | the units used to report the volume of a substance (e.g., cm3) |
| Decompress | to release from pressure |
| Dehydration | the process of removing water from the solution |
| Density | the amount of mass in a certain unit volume of a substance (density equals mass divided by volume) (50) |
| Desalination | removal of dissolved salts from a solution |
| Desalination Plant | the buildings and machinery used in producing fresh water by removing salts from seawater |
| Displace | to move something out of the way (e.g., a solid object can displace water out of a container) |
| Dissolved Solids | salts, such as sodium, calcium, and magnesium found dissolved in water (449) |
| Dissolving | breaking up; forming a solution by mixing two or more materials together (17) |
| Distillation | a method of separating the parts of a liquid mixture |
| Emulsion | a mixture in which droplets of fat are prevented from joining together by an emulsifying agent (15) |
| Evaporation | vaporization that occurs slowly over a wide range of temperatures |
| Experiment | an activity or procedure designed to test a hypothesis |
| Exponent | in science or mathematics, a number, or power, that tells you how many times the number is multiplied by itself; e.g. 103 means 10 × 10 × 10 or 1000 |
| Fair Test | an investigation (experiment) carried out under strictly controlled conditions to ensure accuracy and reliability of results. In a fair test, all variables are controlled except the one variable under investigation. |
| Feedback | the return of information from the output of a system to the input |
| Filtrate | the solution which passes through a filter paper or through a filtration device |
| Floating | remaining suspended in a fluid; for example, not falling in air or sinking in water (59) |
| Flow | pressure pressure that is caused by a moving fluid |
| Flow Rate | the volume of fluid that passes a point in a pipe or tube in a certain amount of time (40) |
| Fluid | any substance that flows; includes liquids and gases (2) |
| Fluidity | the ability to flow (2) |
| Force | a push or a pull, or anything that causes a change in the motion of an object (53, 304) |
| Fractional Distillation | a process that yields different petroleum products by separating parts of a solution |
| Freezing | the process of changing from liquid to solid |
| Freezing Point | the temperature at which a liquid freezes |
| Gas | the state of matter in which a substance has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume (e.g., water vapour) (7) |
| Graphic Organizer | a visual learning tool that helps clarify the relationship between a central concept and related ideas or terms |
| Gravity | the attractive force between masses; causes objects to be attracted to Earth (53) |
| Heterogeneous | made up of parts, or mixed (15) |
| Histogram | a type of bar graph in which each bar represents a range of values and in which the data are continuous |
| Homogeneous | the same in structure, quality, or kind (14) |
| Hydrometer | an instrument designed to measure the density of a liquid (67) |
| Hypothesis | a testable proposal used to explain an observation or to predict the outcome of an experiment; often expressed in the form of an “If …, then …” statement. |
| Impermeable | allowing no materials to pass through (128, 403) |
| Incompressible | incapable of being squeezed into a smaller volume (73) |
| Infer | to conclude or decide by reasoning |
| Inference | a conclusion or opinion formed by inferring |
| Insoluble | not able to be dissolved in a particular solvent (24) |
| Joule (J) | a unit used to measure energy or work; 1 J |
| Kilopascal (Kpa) | a unit of pressure equal to 1000 pascals (71) |
| Line Graph | a diagram that shows how one value depends on or changes according to another value; produced by drawing a line that connects data points plotted in relation to a y-axis (vertical axis) and an x-axis (horizontal axis) |
| Liquid | the state of matter in which a substance has a definite volume, but no definite shape (e.g., water) (7) |
| Manipulated Variable | in an experiment, a factor that is selected or adjusted to see what effect the change will have on the responding variable |
| Mass | the amount of matter in a substance; often measured with a balance (53) |
| Mechanical Mixture | mixtures that are obviously heterogeneous (15) |
| Melting | the process of changing from solid to liquid |
| Melting Point | the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid |
| Mixture | a combination of two or more pure substances such as that each one’s properties are not lost, but may be hidden (13) |
| Neutral Buoyancy | the condition in which the amount of force pulling down on an object immersed in a fluid (i.e., gravity) equals the amount of force pushing up (buoyancy) (65) |
| Particle Model of Matter | a scientific model of the structure of matter; one part of this theory states that all matter is made up of extremely small particles |
| Pascal (Pa) | a unit for pressure; newtons per square metre (N/m2) (71) |
| Pascal’s Law | a law stating that when pressure is exerted on one part of a fluid, the same pressure is transmitted unchanged to all parts of the fluid, no matter what the shape of the container holding the fluid (307) |
| Phases | separate parts of a mechanical mixture (15) |
| Pneumatic System | a system in which a gas, such as air, transmits a force exerted on the gas in an enclosed space (82, 313) |
| Pneumatics | the study of pressure in gases |
| Properties | characteristics that describe matter (13) |
| Pure Substance | a material that contains only one kind of particle |
| Rate of Dissolving | how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent |
| Saturated Solution | a solution in which no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature (20) |
| Solid | the state of matter in which a substance has a definite shape and a definite volume (e.g., ice) (7) |
| Soluble | able to be dissolved in a particular solvent (18) |
| Solubility | the mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature (200) |
| Solute | a substance that dissolves in a solvent (e.g., salt is a solute that dissolves in water) (18) |
| Solution | a homogeneous mixture of two or more pure substances (14) |
| Solvent | a substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution (e.g., water is a solvent that dissolves salt) (18) |
| Sublimation | the process of changing from solid to gas without going through the liquid state |
| Supersaturated Solution | a solution that contains more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain temperature (21) |
| Suspension | a heterogeneous mixture in which particles settle slowly after mixing (15) |
| Table | an orderly arrangement of facts or numerical data set out for easy reference; for example, an arrangement of numerical values in vertical or horizontal columns |
| Temperature | a measure of the thermal energy of the particles in a substance |
| Theory | an explanation of an event that has been supported by consistent, repeated experimental results and has therefore been accepted by a majority of scientists |
| Unsaturated Solution | a solution in which more of the solute could |
| Dissolve | in a specific amount of solvent at the same temperature (20) |
| Vaporization | the process of changing from liquid to gas |
| Variable | a factor that can influence the outcome of an experiment |
| Viscosity | the measure of how fast a fluid will flow; the “thickness” or “thinness” of a fluid (40) |
| Volume | the measurement of the amount of space occupied by a substance; measured in litres or cubic units such as cubic centimetres (cm3) (53) |
| Weight | the force of gravity exerted on a mass (53) |
| Whmis | an acronym that stands for Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System |
| Work | the transfer of energy through motion |
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