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BIO unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Compoud | Chemical compound that contains carbon (except for several compounds traditionally classified as inorganic) |
| Marcomolucule | a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer. |
| Polymer | a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins. |
| Monomer | a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| Dehydration Synthesis | Dehydration Synthesis Definition Dehydration synthesis refers to the formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule. |
| Hydrolysis | the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. |
| Carbohydrate | any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and typically can be broken down to release energy in the animal |
| Monosaccharide | any of the class of sugars (e.g., glucose) that cannot be hydrolyzed to give a simpler sugar. |
| Polysaccharide | a carbohydrate (e.g. starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together. |
| Starch | an odorless, tasteless white substance occurring widely in plant tissue and obtained chiefly from cereals and potatoes. It is a polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet. |
| Glycogen | a substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis. |
| Cellulose | an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers. |
| Chitin | a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi. |
| Lipid | any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids. |
| Saturated Fat | a type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds, considered to be less healthy in the diet than unsaturated fat: "skimmed milk has only a trace of saturated fat" |
| Unsaturated Fat | Fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain |
| Glycerol | a colorless, sweet, viscous liquid formed as a byproduct in soap manufacture. It is used as an emollient and laxative, and for making explosives and antifreeze. |
| Fatty acid | carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxyl group, especially any of those occurring as esters in fats and oils. |
| triglyceride | an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke. |
| phospholipid | a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule, e.g., lecithin. |
| hydrophobic | tending to repel or fail to mix with water. |
| steroid | any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins. |
| cholesterol | a compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues. Cholesterol and its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other steroid compounds, but a high proportion in the blood of low-density lipoprotein (which transpor |
| sex hormones | a hormone, such as estrogen or testosterone, affecting sexual development or reproduction. |
| hormone | a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. |
| amino acid | a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group: |
| peptide bond | the chemical bond between carbon and nitrogen in a peptide linkage First Known Use of peptide bond 1932, in the meaning defined above |
| polypeptide | a linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule |
| hemoglobin | a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group. |
| primary protein structure | Protein primary structure. The primary structure of a peptide or protein is the linear sequence of its amino acid structural units, and partly comprises its overall biomolecular structure. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported star |
| substrate | an underlying substance or layer. |
| enzyme | substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. |
| activation site | Preparation of a business, worksite, or website to perform its assigned or intended function. It may include construction of facilities, installation of equipment, assembly of personnel, etc. |
| activation energy | the minimum quantity of energy which the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. |
| catalyst | a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change: |
| alpha helix | secondary structure of proteins, characterized by a single, spiral chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds. |
| beta pleated sheet | the second form of secondary structure in proteins. It contains beta strands which are connected laterally by a minimum of two or three backbone hydrogen bonds to form a twisted, pleated sheet as shown in the picture. |
| hydrogen bond | a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. |
| subunit | a distinct component of something: |
| collagen | the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues, widely used in purified form for cosmetic surgical treatments: |
| denaturation | Denaturing a biological molecule refers to the loss of its three-dimensional (3-D) structure. Since molecules like proteins and DNA depend on their structure to accomplish their function, denaturation is accompanied by a loss of function. However, denatur |
| DNA | a biological macromolecule that carries hereditary information in many organisms. DNA is necessary for the production of proteins, the regulation, metabolism, and reproduction of the cell. Large compressed DNA molecules with associated proteins, called ch |
| nucleotides | Nucleotides are organic molecules that are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. They also have functions related to cell signaling, metabolism, and enzyme reactions. Nucleotides are made up of three parts: a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitroge |
| phosphate | a molecule composed of a phosphorous atom and four oxygen atoms. A phosphate group is part of many important biological molecules. A phosphate group functions as part of energy-storing molecules, has an important role in the regulation of cellular metabol |
| 5 carbon sugar | he 5-carbon sugars ribose and deoxyribose are important components of nucleotides, and are found in RNA and DNA, respectively. The sugars found in nucleic acids are pentose sugars; a pentose sugar has five carbon atoms. |
| organic/nitrogenous base | A nitrogenous base is an organic molecule that contains the element nitrogen and acts as a base in chemical reactions. |
| purine | colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation. |
| pyrimidine | a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties. |
| double & single stranded | an extremely long, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule arranged as a double helix that is the main constituent of the chromosome and that carries the genes as segments along its strands: found chiefly in the chromatin of cells and in many viruses. |
| base parings | pairs refer to the sets of hydrogen-linked nucleobases that make up nucleic acids DNA and RNA . They were first described by Dr. Francis Crick and Dr. James Watson who are best known for discovering the helical, “twist around,” structure of DNA (1953). |
| ribosome | a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. |
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GabeMc2