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Echo 500
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| As the mean pulmonary artery pressure increases, the right ventricular outflow tract acceleration time: | Decreases |
| Which two cardiac valves need to be evaluated carefully in a patient with the Ross procedure? | Aortic valve, pulmonary valve |
| Possible echocardiographic and cardiac Doppler findings in a patient with carcinoid heart disease include all of the following except: a. Tricuspid stenosis b. Pulmonary regurgitation c. Tricuspid valve prolapse d. Tricuspid regurgitation | Tricuspid valve prolapse |
| All of the following may be evaluated with cardiac Doppler in the apical five-chamber view except: a. Valvular aortic stenosis b. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy c. Discrete subaortic stenosis d. Patent foramen ovale | Patent foramen ovale |
| All of the following are mechanical valves except: a. Starr-Edwards b. Hancock c. St. Jude d. CarboMedics | Hancock |
| Uhl's anomaly is | Right ventricular dysplasia |
| A systolic high-velocity, late-peaking, dagger-shaped continuous wave Doppler signal is obtained. The most likely diagnosis is: | Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy |
| The Doppler finding associated with patent ductus arteriosus is: | Holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending thoracic aorta |
| The formula that is used to calculate the peak pressure gradient in coarctation of the aorta is: | 4 (V₂² - V₁²) |
| The most common primary benign intracardiac tumor in adults is the | Myxoma |
| The most common intracardiac tumor in adults is (the): | Metastatic |
| pw Doppler tracing of the MV inflow at the leaflet tips is obtained: E/A ratio is 1.2, dt is 200 msec, tissue Doppler of the mitral annulus peak E’ wave velocity is 7 cm/s, E’/A’ ratio is 0.6 and a E/E’ ratio of 12 is calculated. grade is: | II |
| Early in the disease stage the usual pulsed wave Doppler flow of the mitral valve in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy demonstrates a Grade: | 1 |
| Persistent intramyocardial sinusoids located in the left ventricle are found in: | Noncompaction cardiomyopathy |
| Components of the Doppler equation include all of the following except | Propagation speed of sound changes relative to the velocity of the red blood cells |
| The characteristic M-mode findings for aortic valve stenosis include all of the following except: | Diastolic flutter of the aortic valve leaflets |
| Which of the following is not associated with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy? a. Cor pulmonale b. Discrete subaortic stenosis c. Supravalvular aortic stenosis d. Aortic stenosis | Cor pulmonale |
| Flail mitral valve can be differentiated from severe mitral valve prolapse on two-dimensional echocardiography because flail mitral valve leaflet demonstrates: | Leaflet tip that points towards the left atrium |
| All of the following wall segments may be visualized in the apical four-chamber view except: a. Anterior interventricular septum b. Lateral wall of the right ventricle c. Anterolateral wall d. Cardiac apex | Anterior interventricular septum |
| The simplified Bernoulli equation disregards all of the following factors except: a. Flow acceleration b. Proximal velocity c. Viscous friction d. Velocity at the site of obstruction | Velocity at the site of obstruction |
| The two-dimensional view which best visualizes systolic doming of the aortic valve leaflets is the: | Parasternal long-axis view |
| Normal mitral valve area is | 4 to 6 cm² |
| The typical murmur associated with patent ductus arteriosus is: | Continuous murmur |
| M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic findings for chronic tricuspid regurgitation include: | Paradoxical interventricular septal motion |
| Determine the MR volume, regurgitant fraction, and effective regurgitant orifice using the following information: LVOT diameter 2.0 cm, LVOTvti 10 cm, MV annulus diameter 3.0 cm, MV annulus VTI 15 cm, MR VTI 200 cm: | 74 mL, 70%, 37 cm² |
| The possible etiology for pericardial effusion is: | Acute myocardial infarction |
| Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides all of the following information in the evaluation of mitral regurgitation except: a. LV mass b.Detailed visualization of the mv apparatus c.Regurgitant volume d.LV volumes | Detailed visualization of the mitral valve apparatus |
| All of the following may result in secondary pulmonary hypertension except: Mitral stenosis a. Left ventricular failure b. Tricuspid regurgitation c. Coronary artery disease | Tricuspid regurgitation |
| All of the following are possible ideologies of constrictive pericarditis except: a. Radiation therapy to the chest region b. Prior pericardiotomy c. Tuberculosis d. Atherosclerosis | Atherosclerosis |
| A late peaking dagger shaped left ventricular outflow tract continuous wave Doppler flow pattern is obtained in a patient with systemic hypertension. The most likely explanation is | Left ventricular systolic gradient |
| The mitral valve pulsed wave Doppler flow pattern often associated with severe acute aortic regurgitation is grade: | III or IV (restrictive) |
| Rupture of the vasa vasorum into the media of the aortic wall may result in: | Intramural hematoma |
| Which two-dimensional view would be most useful to use when evaluating pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary regurgitation? | Parasternal short-axis of the aortic valve |
| The typical 2d echo findings in rheumatic tv stenosis include all except: a.Systolic bowing of the posterior tv leaflet b.Leaflet thickening, more at the leaflet tips & chordae tendineae c.Diastolic doming of the anterior tv leaflet d.RA dilatation | Systolic bowing of the posterior tricuspid valve leaflet |
| Assuming normal intracardiac pressures, the expected peak velocity of pulmonary regurgitation is: | 1 m/s |
| these are considered useful quantitative measurements to determine the severity of AR except: a. Regurgitant volume b. Regurgitant fraction c. Effective regurgitant orifice d. Peak velocity of AR | Peak velocity of aortic regurgitation |
| A peak velocity of 2 m/s is obtained in a patient with rheumatic mitral stenosis. The peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient is: | 16 mmHg |
| the following are ways in which the sonographer can improve the lateral resolution while imaging except: a. Increase the number of focuses b. Increase the transducer diameter c. Utilize harmonic imaging d. Increase the transmit frequency | Increase the transducer diameter |
| An intracardiac pressure that may be determined from the continuous wave Doppler tricuspid regurgitation signal is | Systolic pulmonary artery pressure |
| Which of the following is the most likely finding in Chagas disease? a. Dilated cardiomyopathy b. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy c. Mitral stenosis d. Aortic stenosis | Dilated cardiomyopathy |
| The most common etiology for ischemic heart disease is coronary artery | Atherosclerosis |
| The most common medication used in performing pharmacological stress echocardiography is: | Dobutamine |
| A Doppler mean pressure gradient of 18 mmHg is calculated in a patient with valvular aortic stenosis. The severity of the aortic stenosis is: | Mild |
| Narrowing of the aortic isthmus is | Coarctation of the aorta |
| The primary cause of endomyocardial fibrosis is: | Hypereosinophilia |
| The pulse associated with cardiac tamponade is | Pulsus paradoxus |
| Which left ventricular wall segments is least likely to be supplied by the circumflex coronary artery? | Basal inferior wall of the left ventricle |
| The most common etiology of mitral stenosis in adults is: | Rheumatic fever |
| The most common regurgitation found in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy is: | Mitral regurgitation |
| Pulsed wave Doppler evidence of cardiac tamponade from diastolic hepatic vein flow is: | Expiratory decrease |
| The most likely explanation of main pulmonary artery dilatation is: | Pulmonary hypertension |
| Structures of the mitral valve apparatus include all of the following except: | Sinuses of Valsalva |
| The peak mitral regurgitation velocity as determined with continuous wave Doppler reflects the: | Maximum pressure difference between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
| In the parasternal long-axis view, severe aortic valve stenosis is defined as an aortic valve leaflet separation that measures: | ≤ 8 mm |
| Which of the following methods is recommended to determine left ventricular volumes? | Biplane Simpson's method of discs |
| In patients with severe acute mitral regurgitation, the continuous wave Doppler peak velocity of the regurgitant jet is | Decreased |
| Echocardiographic findings in dilated cardiomyopathy include all of the following except: a. Apical mural thrombus b. Enlarged atrial cavities c. Dilated ventricular cavities d. Preserved ejection fraction | Preserved ejection fraction |
| In patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, the index of myocardial performance (IMP) will be: | Increased |
| Cardiac Doppler evidence of severe MR includes all of the following except: a. Regurge jet area/left atrial area ratio > 40% b. Dense, triangular CW Doppler tracing c. PV systolic flow reversal d. MV E wave velocity < 1.0 m/sec | Mitral valve E wave velocity < 1.0 m/sec |
| Possible pharmacological treatments for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy include | Propranolol |
| All of the following are two-dimensional echo findings in a patient with significant chronic AR except: a. Abnormal aortic valve or aortic root b. Hyperkinetic LV wall motion c. LA enlargement d. LV enlargement | Left atrial enlargement |
| The term myxomatous degeneration is associated with mitral valve: | Prolapse |
| The progressive replacement of right ventricular myocardium with fatty and fibrous tissue is called: | ARVC |
| All of the following may be measured in the cardiac catheterization laboratory when evaluating aortic stenosis except: Maximum peak instantaneous pressure gradient Mean pressure gradient Peak velocity Peak-to-peak pressure gradient | Peak velocity |
| All of the following are associated with mitral valve prolapse except: Aortic valve prolapse Pulmonary atresia Tricuspid valve prolapse Mitral regurgitation | Pulmonary atresia |
| Abnormal rocking motion of a prosthetic valve by two-dimensional echocardiography indicates prosthetic valve: | Dehiscence |
| The complications of infective endocarditis include all of the following except: Valve ring abscess Embolization Congestive heart failure Annular calcification | Annular calcification |
| Predict the tissue Doppler imaging E/E’ ratio in a patient with known pseudonormalization of the mitral valve inflow pattern. | Decreased E’/A’ ratio |
| All of the following decrease with increasing transmit frequency except: Beam width Depth of penetration Spatial pulse length and pulse duration Attenuation | Attenuation |
| All of the following are associated findings for pericarditis except: Tachycardia Fever Pericardial effusion by echocardiography Pericardial friction rub | Tachycardia |
| Which instrument control directly affects the dynamic range? | Compression |
| For exercise echocardiography the images post-exercise need to be acquired within ________ from the time the patient exercise is completed. | 60 seconds |
| All of the following are normal findings in cardiac transplantation patients except: Reduced global ventricular systolic function Bilateral dilatation Mild tricuspid regurgitation Paradoxical interventricular septal motion | Reduced global ventricular systolic function |
| Doppler findings associated with significant chronic TR include the following except: Concave late systolic configuration of the regurge signal Systolic flow reversal in the hepatic vein Systolic flow reversal in the PV Increased E velocity of the TV | Systolic flow reversal in the pulmonary vein |
| Causes of anatomic tricuspid regurgitation include all of the following except: Ebstein's anomaly Carcinoid heart disease Pulmonary hypertension Infective endocarditis | Pulmonary hypertension |
| The formula used to estimate left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) from continuous wave Doppler recording of aortic regurgitation is LVEDP is equal to: | BPd - 4 × EDV AR² |
| The most common ball and cage valve is the: | Starr-Edwards |
| The murmur of tricuspid regurgitation is best described as a: | Pansystolic murmur heard best at the lower left sternal border |
| The Chiari network is found in the: | Right atrium |
| Doppler evidence of constrictive pericarditis from diastolic hepatic vein flow is: | Expiratory decrease |
| The principal echocardiographic/Doppler findings of right ventricular infarction include all of the following except: RV dilatation RV hypertrophy Tricuspid regurgitation Abnormal motion of the right ventricular free wall | Right ventricular hypertrophy |
| The echocardiographic/Doppler findings for hyperthyroidism is | Enhanced global ventricular systolic function |
| A color flow Doppler method for semi-quantitating mitral regurgitation is regurgitant jet: | Area |
| All of the following are possible echocardiographic/Doppler findings for Ehlers-Danlos except: | Mitral stenosis |
| The tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity is 3.0 m/s. The right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral is 20 cm. The pulmonary vascular resistance is: | Normal |
| The normal volume of clear serous fluid in the pericardial sac is: | 10 to 50 mL |
| A hallmark M-mode aortic valve finding in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is aortic valve: | Mid-systolic notching |
| In patients with aortic valve stenosis the pressure gradients measured by Doppler include: | Peak (maximum) instantaneous pressure gradient |
| A posterior echo-free space is detected during the systolic phase only by M-mode/two-dimensional echocardiography. This is considered a: | Normal finding |
| Posterior displacement of the aortic valve leaflet(s) into the left ventricle outflow tract during ventricular diastole is called aortic valve: | Prolapse |
| The most common echocardiographic/Doppler finding for scleroderma is | Pericardial effusion |
| All of the following are findings for ankylosing spondylitis except: Thickened aortic valve leaflets with aortic regurgitation Dilatation of the sinuses of Valsalva Dilatation of the aortic annulus Acute myocardial infarction | Acute myocardial infarction |
| When two-dimensional evaluation of a systolic ejection murmur reveals a thickened aortic valve with normal systolic excursion and a peak velocity across the aortic valve of 1.5 m/s. The diagnosis is most likely aortic valve: | Sclerosis |
| All of the following are types of prosthetic valve types except: Native Bioprosthetic (tissue) Mechanical (metal) Homograft (allograft) | Native |
| All of the following should be determined when evaluating a prosthetic valve with cardiac Doppler except: | Shunt ratio |
| The imaginary boundaries that define the mid-left ventricle are the: | Tip of the papillary muscles to the base of the papillary muscles |
| Reverse diastolic doming of the anterior mitral valve leaflet is associated with: | Severe aortic regurgitation |
| A communication between the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery is called: | Aortopulmonary window |
| Echocardiographic signs associated with constrictive pericarditis include all of the following except: Septal bounce Inferior cava plethora Railroad track sign Increased EPSS | Increased EPSS |
| The classic manifestation of infective endocarditis is cardiac valve: | Vegetation |
| All of the following are components of a pulsed wave Doppler of a pulmonary vein except: AR S1 E S2 | E |
| The equation used in the cardiac catheterization laboratory to determine mitral valve area is the: | Gorlin |
| The laminar core of the turbulent jet is called the: | Vena contracta |
| Which of the following pressures can be predicted when measuring the pulmonary regurgitation end-diastolic velocity? | Pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure |
| The two-dimensional view of choice for the evaluation of coarctation of the aorta is the: | Suprasternal long-axis of the aorta |
| Congestive heart failure in patients with significant chronic mitral regurgitation occurs because of increased pressure in the: | Left atrium |
| The most common presenting symptom of significant chronic mitral regurgitation is | Dyspnea |
| Defects associated with the trilogy of Fallot in approximately 30% of cases include: | Right aortic arch |
| PW Doppler tracE of the MV inflow at the leaflet tips is obtained:E/A ratio is 2.3,decel time as 123 msec,valsalva maneuver W/no change in the E/A ratio,TDS of the MV annulus W/an E’ wave Peak vel of 3 cm/s & an E/E’ ratio of 33 .diastolic grade is: | IV |
| The names of the two ventricular papillary muscle groups are: | Anterolateral, posteromedial |
| Left ventricular opacification may be accomplished by all of the following contrast agents except Imagent Agitated Saline Definity Optison | Agitated Saline |
| A string like structure is seen in the apex of the left ventricle. This finding may be called all of the following except: False tendon Chordal web Moderator band Ectopic chordae | Moderator band |
| Methods for determining the severity of TRwith pulse wave Doppler include all of the following except: Holosystolic flow reversal of the hepatic vein Laminar flow of the TR jet Peak velocity of the TR jet Increased E wave velocity of the TV | Peak velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation jet |
| All of the following are primary advantages of TEE echo except: Absence of lung and rib artifact Preferred test for infective endocarditis Superior resolution with high transmit frequencies Preferred test for MV stenosis | Preferred test for mitral valve stenosis |
| The most common etiology of tricuspid stenosis is: | Rheumatic fever |
Created by:
Sdurazo