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Chapter 12: Chemistr
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| is the study of substance that contain the element carbon | organic chemistry |
| All hair color produces, chemical texturizers, shampoos, conditioners, styling aids, nail enhancements, and skin care products are | organic chemicals |
| is the study of substances that do not contain the element carbon but may contain the element hydrogen | inorganic chemistry |
| Most_____________ do not burn because they do not contain carbon. ____________ are not, and never were, alive. | Inorganic substances |
| is any substance that occupies space and has mass (weights) | matter |
| has physical and chemical properties and exists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas | matter |
| Since ___________ is made from chemicals, everything made out of ________ is a chemical | matter |
| is the simplest form of chemical matter | element |
| It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity | element |
| There are ____ known elements today and of these _____ occur naturally and the rest are produced by synthetic methods from nuclear reactions | 118/98 |
| is the basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons (E) that move around the nucleus in orbits | atom |
| is a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions | molecule |
| also known as compounds, are a chemical combination of two or more atoms of difference elements in definite (fixed) proportions | compound molecules |
| Sodium chloride (NaCl), common table salt, is an example of | compound molecules |
| All matter exists in one of three different physical forms: | solid, liquid, gas |
| is a change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance | physical change |
| is a change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance | chemical change |
| aka redox, is a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time | Oxidation-reduction, |
| When oxygen is chemically combined with a substance, the substance is _______ | oxidized |
| When oxygen is chemically removed from a substance, the substance is ________ | reduced |
| Under certain circumstances, chemical reactions can release a significant amount of heat. These types of chemical reactions are called | exothermic reactions |
| is a physical combination of matter in any proportion | physical mixture |
| is a stable physical mixture of two or more substances in a solvent | solution |
| is the substance that is dissolved into solution | solute |
| is the substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution. | solvent |
| liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form clear solutions | Miscible |
| liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions. | Immiscible |
| is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier | emulsion |
| are substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify | Surfactants |
| The term _____________ is a contractions for surface active agents— substances that allow oil and water to mix, or emulsify | surfactant |
| A surfactant molecule has two distinct parts: the head of the surfactant molecule is _________, capable of combining with or attracting water(water-loving), and the tail is __________, having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils(oil-loving). | hydrophillic/lipophillic |
| are alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products. They are often used in place of ammonia because they produce less odor. | Alkanolamines |
| is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen. It is used to raise the pH in hair products to allow the solution to penetrate the hair shaft | Ammonia |
| are examples of ammonia compounds that are used to perform chemical services in a salon. | Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium thioglycolate |
| is a sweet, colorless, oily substance. It is used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams. | Glycerin |
| is the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions | Ionization |
| An ion with a negative electrical charge is an | anion |
| An ion with a positive electrical charge is a | cation |
| is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance | pH scale |
| a pH below 7 indicates an ____ solution, and a pH above 7 indicates an ___ solution | acidic/ alkaline |
| means multiples of 10 | logarithm |
Created by:
kkoenenn