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English 11,12,13
English
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This and That | Be sure to use the singular adjectives this and that with singular nouns. EX: This kind of paper is excellent. |
| These and Those | Use the plural adjectives these and those with plural nouns. EX:These kinds of paper are cheaper. (Not, These kind of paper.) |
| Use adjectives to modify nouns and pronouns | EX: She had a slim phone. It was silver. |
| Use adjectives (not adverbs) following linking verbs. | Her ring tone sounds loud (not loudly). She felt bad (not badly) about the noise |
| Use adverbs (not adjectives) to modify verbs | EX: Don’t take her comments personally (not personal). The engine runs smoothly (not smooth). |
| Words joined together to form a single adjective before a noun should be hyphenated. | EX: This is a one-of-a-kind offer. (BUT: This offer is one of a kind.) |
| A few words contain permanent hyphens, regardless of where they are in a sentence. | Examples: of these words are first-class, well-known, and up-to-date. |
| Do not hyphenate ly-ending adverbs preceding nouns. | Example: The newly opened clinic is on Third Street. |
| Two or more consecutive adjectives that independently modify a noun should be separated by commas. | We need a newer, better cell phone. (Read “newer and better” cell phone) |
| No comma is needed unless the word and can be inserted between the adjectives. | He is driving a tiny sports car. (No comma needed because we would not say “tiny and sports car.”) |
| Farther (adverb – actual distance | Further (adverb – additionally) We will discuss the matter further |
| Sure (adjective – certain) Are you sure of the appointment | Surely (adverb – undoubtedly) She will surely call today. |
| Fewer (adjective – refers to numbers or countable items) | We received fewer applications than we expected. Less (adjective – refers to amount or collective quantity) |
| Good (adjective – desirable) The complete printout looks good. | Well (adverb – satisfactorily OR adjective - health) Alicia did well in that class. Shannon feels well despite a recent illness. |
| The following adjectives and adverbs name perfect or complete (absolute) qualities and cannot logically be compared. | round,dead, true, correct, complete, right straight, perfect,unique |
| It is possible, however, to compare degrees of perfection or completeness by using such words as more nearly or most nearly. | This report is the most nearly perfect (not most perfect) one I have read. Can you find a more nearly straight (not straighter) route for us to follow? |
| When the word than is used to compare a person, place, or thing with other members of a group to which it belongs, be certain to include the words other or else in the comparison. | s |
| Our real estate agency is larger than any other agency in the city. Beth is paid more than any other administrative assistant on the staff. | s |
| To avoid confusion, place adverbs and adjectives close to the words they modify. | He said that he had only $1 left. (Not: He only said that he had $1 left.) The first three applicants will be interviewed. (Not: The three first applicants will be interviewed.) |
| Commonly Used Prepositions | but, by, except, for, whom, about, after, along, with, at, between, in, into, of, on, to |
| Use objective-case pronouns as objects of prepositions | Everyone except Leslie and her arrived early. Just between you and me, sales are declining. |
| Do not substitute the preposition of for the verb have. | They should have (not of) walked to the restaurant We could have (not of) received free tickets. |
| Do not replace the preposition from with the words off or off of | Max borrowed the pen from (not off of) Brandon. |
| Do not use the word to in place of the adverb too, which means “additionally” or “excessively.” | Give the cash receipts to the courier. Sales reps received laptops and cell phones too. The car was too small to carry the equipment. |
| Challenging Prepositions | Among, between Beside, besides Except In, into Like |
| Among is used to speak of three or more persons or things; between is used for two. | Profits will be divided among the nine partners. Responsibility will be divided between the vice president and the general manager. |
| Beside means “next to”; besides means “in addition to.” | Their parking lot is beside the office. You have another option besides this one. |
| Use the preposition except to mean “but” or “excluding.” Use the verb accept to mean “receive.” | All pages except three must be copied. We will now accept applications for the position. |
| In indicates a position or location. Into as one word means three things: | Entering into something. She plans to go into accounting. We will move into new facilities May 1. |
| into and in to | Changing the form of something. The caterpillar changed into a butterfly. Making contact. Unable to stop, he ran into the back of the car in front of him. BUT Please turn the report in to your boss on time. |
| The preposition like should be used to introduce nouns or pronouns. Do not use like to introduce clauses. | Don’t you think Rachel looks like her? They look as if (not like) they could be sisters. |
| Necessary Prepositions Be sure to include those prepositions necessary to clarify a relationship. Be particularly careful when two prepositions modify a single object. | Examples:Our appreciation for and interest in the project remain great. (Do not omit for.) What style of printing do you prefer? (Do not omit of.) She graduated from high school last year. (Do not omit from.) |
| Examples | Our appreciation for and interest in the project remain great. (Do not omit for.) What style of printing do you prefer? (Do not omit of.) She graduated from high school last year. (Do not omit from.) |
| Unnecessary Prepositions | I’m not sure when the meeting is scheduled (not scheduled for). Omit unnecessary prepositions Boxes were left outside (not outside of) the door. |
| Idiomatic Expressions | agree to a proposal agree with a person angry at a thing angry with a person concur in an action concur with a person differ from things differ with persons different from (not than |
| More Idiomatic Expressions | expert in plan to (not on) retroactive to (not from) sensitive to talk to (tell something) talk with (exchange remarks) |
| Coordinating Conjunctions | The most common coordinating conjunctions are and, or, but, and nor. They connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical rank |
| Less frequently used are three other coordinating conjunctions: yet, for, and so. | Tanya said that she wanted to go, yet she hasn’t called. Filling that position will not be easy, for few applicants have the necessary technical skills. |
| Simple sentences have one independent clause―that is, one clause that can stand alone. | Each interviewee sent a résumé. |
| Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. | Kim spent many hours preparing her résumé, and she practiced her answers to typical interview questions. |
| When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in a compound sentence, a comma generally precedes the conjunction. | Kim dressed carefully for her interview, and she brought extra copies of her résumé to distribute. |
| Do NOT use commas when a coordinating conjunction joins compound verbs, objects, or phrases. | Example: We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months. (No comma is needed because the conjunction joins verbs.) |
| Conjunctive Adverbs | consequently however therefore moreover hence thus then that is in fact in the meantime on the other hand on the contrary |
| Semicolons (not commas) are used before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses. | |
| Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables. | Our supply of toner is quite low; therefore, we must reorder immediately. First, Debora Holmes was honored; then Linda Holloway received an award. |
| Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs. Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence. | We are, therefore, reexamining all print advertising. You may, on the contrary, prefer the Internet. |
| Independent Clauses | Have subjects and verbs Make sense by themselves Can stand as simple sentences |
| Dependent Clauses | Have subjects and verbs Depend on other clauses for the completion of their meaning Are often introduced by subordinating conjunctions |
| Punctuating Sentences With Introductory Dependent Clauses | Use a comma after a dependent (subordinate) clause that precedes an independent clause. Because Kim did well, she was offered a position. |
| Punctuating Sentences With Introductory Dependent Clauses | Use a comma after an introductory dependent clause even though the subject and verb may not be stated. If [it is] possible, send me a text message |
| Generally, a dependent clause introduced by a subordinating conjunction does not require a comma when the clause falls at the end of a sentence. | Invoices must be verified before we pay the bill. Kim was offered a position because she did well in the interview. |
| Within sentences, dependent parenthetical clauses that interrupt the flow and are unnecessary for the grammatical completeness of the sentence are set off by commas. | The manager's directive, unless we hear differently, must be implemented immediately. |
| Relative Clauses: who, whom, whose, which, and that | Who, whom, whose: used to refer to persons. Which: used to refer to animals or things. Should be used to introduce nonessential clauses. That: used to refer to animals or things. Should be used to introduce essential clauses. |
| Compound Sentence—Comma: Use a comma when a coordinating conjunction joins independent clauses | Independent clause: and,or,nor,but :independent clause |
| Use a semicolon when a conjunctive adverb joins independent clauses | consequently,however,then nevertheless,therefore, |
| Complex Sentence—Comma | Use a comma after a dependent clause introduced by a subordinate conjunction you would use a comma if an dependent and independent was joined by: Since,If,As,When |
| Certain conjunctions are always paired: both . . . and, not only . . . but (also), either . . . or, neither . . . nor. | In using these correlative conjunctions, place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction. |
| Not Parallel | Either you may go in June or in July. |
| Parallel | You may go either in June or in July. |
| Kinds of Sentences | Simple ―one independent clause Datapoint manufactures computers. Compound —two independent clauses Datapoint makes a wide variety of computers, and it sells them around the world. |
| Complex―one independent and one dependent clause | Although its sales are primarily in computers, Datapoint is introducing printers soon. |
| Compound-Complex―two independent and one dependent clause | Datapoint, which recently introduced its printers, leads the country in computer sales; moreover, it maintains a full service program |
Created by:
cameronslc