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Ch.5 Test Guide
Sociology 101
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The tragic case of Anna, the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that... | without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action |
| What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture? | socialization |
| What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking and feeling? | personality |
| Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment? | behaviorism |
| In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that ... | nurture is far more important than nature |
| The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that ... | monkeys isolated for six months were highly fearful when they were returned to others of their kind |
| Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that ... | long-term social isolation leads to permanent developmental damage in both monkeys and humans |
| If you were to put together the lesson learned from the case of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that ... | social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality |
| Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the ... | id |
| In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives? | ego |
| In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual? | superego |
| Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that ... | humans can never become cultural creatures |
| Jean Piaget's focus was on ... | cognition, or how people think and understand |
| According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact? | sensorimotor stage |
| For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols? | preoperational stage |
| The focus of Lawerence Kohlberg's research was ... | moral reasoning |
| Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that ... | girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards |
| Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that ... | girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence |
| George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ... | the presence of culture within the individual |
| Mead placed the origin of the self on ... | social experience |
| By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind ... | imagining a situation from another person's point of view |
| When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self," he claimed that ... | people see themselves as they think others see them |
| According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as ... | significant others |
| In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of developing self? | imitation, play, game, generalized other |
| Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to ... | widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own |
| Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization states that ... | personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages |
| Family is important to the socialization process because ... | families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion |
| One contribution of schooling to the socialization process that teaches about rules and schedules is ... | exposing the child to a bureaucratic setting |
| Today the factor people most commonly use in deciding if a person has reached adulthood is noting if the young woman or young man ... | has completed all schooling |
| The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it ... | lets children escape the direct supervision of parents |
| In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has ... | increased over time |
| Based on what you have read in this chapter, how would sociologists explain the fact that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion? | There are cultural inconsistencies in the definition of this stage of life as party childlike and partly adultlike |
| In her research, Elisabeth Kubler-Ross found that death ... | is an orderly transition involving specific stages |
| What is the term sociologists give to a category of people within a common characteristic, usually their age? | cohort |
| A setting where a staff tried to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment is called a(n) ... | total institution |
| According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to ... | radically alter a persons personality or behavior |
| Goffman's idea of the resocialization process includes ... | breaking down an old identity, then building up a new identity |
| Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that ... | Society shapes how we think, feel, and act |
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nataaaa41