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Statistics
intro hypothesis testing, hypothesis testing with means, statistical significanc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the definition of hypothesis testing? | a systematic procedure for deciding whether the results of a research study, which examines a sample, support a hypothesis which applies to a population |
| what is the logic of hypothesis testing? | 1. assume IV has no effect on DV 2. conduct a study to gather data that leads to rejection of this assumption 3. conclude IV does have effect on DV |
| Step 1 of Hypothesis testing? | Restate question as a research hypothesis and null hypothesis about the populations |
| Step 2 of hypothesis testing? | Determine characteristics of the comparison distribution. Assume a normal distribution where to population parameters are µ and σ. |
| Step 3 of hypothesis testing? | Determine your cutoff sample. Also known as the critical value (Zcrit) on the comparison distribution at which the null hypothesis should be rejected |
| Step 4 of hypothesis testing? | Determine your samples obtained score on the comparison distribution; Zobt |
| Step 5 of hypothesis testing? | Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. |
| What is µ? | the mean of the distribution of means |
| What is µ1? | the mean of the research population |
| What is µ2? | the mean of the comparison population |
| what is the z score for a p<.05 significance level of a one-tailed test? | ± 1.64 |
| What is the score for a p<.01 significance level of a one tailed test? | ± 2.33 |
| What is the formula to find the samples obtained score? | z=(X-µ)÷σ |
| What is a direction research hypothesis? | predicting a particular direction direction of difference between the research and null hypothesis. Also called a one-tailed hypothesis test |
| What is a non direction research hypothesis? | predicting a difference between the populations without stating direction. Also known as a two tailed test |
| What is the score for a p<.05 significance level for a two-tailed test? | ±1.96 |
| What is the score for a p<.01 significance level for a two-tailed test? | ±2.57 |
| What is the definition of the distribution of means? | of samples of a given size from a particular population |
| The characteristics of any distribution of means are determined by? | 1. the parameters of the population distribution of individuals 2. number of individuals in each sample randomly drawn from the population |
| Rule #1 of the distribution of means? | the mean of a distribution is the same as the mean of the population of individuals. µM= µ |
| Rule #2a of the distribution of means? | the variance of a distribution of means is the variance of the population of individuals divided by the number of individuals in each sample σ2M=σ2÷N |
| Rule #2b of the distribution of means? | the standard deviation of a distribution of means is the square root of the variance of the distribution of means σM=√σ2÷N. Also called the standard error |
| Rule #3 of the distribution of means? | the shape of means is approximately normal if either (a) each sample if N=30 or more individuals or (b) the distribution of the population of individuals is normal to begin with |
| µM=? | The mean of the distribution of means |
| µ=? | the mean of the population of individuals |
| σM2=? | Variance of the distribution of means |
| σ2=? | population variance |
| N=? | number in each sample |
| What is the central limit theorem? | a statement about the characteristics of the sampling distribution of means of random samples from a given population. describes characteristic cs of the distribution of values we would obtain if we could draw infinite # of random samples. |
| What is the Z test? | a hypothesis testing procedure in which there is a single sample and the population parameters of mean and variance are known |
| Formula for the Z test? | Z= (M-µM)÷σM |
| What is point estimate? | the best estimate of the population mean is the sample mean |
| What is the standard error of the mean? | it is the same as σM the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means |
| What does SE tell you? | how much the means of samples are typically in error as estimates of the mean of the population of individuals |
| What is Interval Estimate? | an estimate of the range of possible means that are likely to include the population mean with a certain degree of confidence |
| What is another name for the interval estimate? | Confidence Interval |
| What is step 1 for figuring confidence limits? | figure the standard error |
| What is step 2 for figuring confidence limits? | figure the raw scores for 1.96 SE (95%CI) or 2.57 SE (99%CI) above and below the mean |
| What are decision error? | possible correct and incorrect decisions in hypothesis testing |
| What does effect size do? | indicates the extent to which two populations do not overlap as a result of the experimental procedure |
| What is the amount of overlap influenced by? | by predicted mean difference and population SD. SE size adjusts the difference between means for the SD. |
| What is the formula for effect size? | d= µ1-µ2÷σ |
| What are properties of effect size? | increases when there is a greater difference between means. increases when there is a smaller SD in the population |
| what number indicates a small effect size? | 0.20 |
| what number indicates a medium effect size? | 0.50 |
| What number indicates a large effect size? | 0.80 |
| What is meta-analysis? | statistical method for combining the effect size from many different studies |
| What is statistical power? | refers to " the probability that the study will produce a statistically significant result if the research hypothesis is true |
| Power=? | 1 - β (that is , beta or Type II error) |
| gather needed information (a) µM (b) population predicted 1 mean (c)σM | |
| What is step two to calculate power? | figure the raw score cut-off point on the comparison distribution to reject the null hypothesis |
| What is step three to calculate power? | |
| What is step four to calculate power? | Using the normal curve table, figure the probability of getting a score more extreme than that Z score |
| What are five e ways to increase power? | Increase the intensity of the experimental procedure, use less diverse population, use standardized testing and/or more precise measurement, use larger sample size, use a more lenient level of signifiance ∝ |
Created by:
taylorjud
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