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Apologia Chem M 6

Apologia Chemistry M6: Changes in Matter and Chemical reactions

QuestionAnswer
chemical change a change that affects the type of molecules or atoms in a substance
physical change a change in which the atoms or molecules in a substance stay the same
element when atoms of the same type are collected
compounds when molecules of the same type are collected
example of a chemical change burning a piece of paper
example of a physical change ripping a sheet of paper in half
sugar dissolved in water a physical change (can be separated out later)
Dissolving an element or compound is an example of a physical change because it does not affect the type of atoms or molecules.
can "easily" be reversed a physical change
cannot "easily" be reversed a chemical change
3 states of matter also called phases of matter
A phase change is when a substance changes from one state to another; all that is required is energy.
kinetic theory of matter states atoms or molecules that make up a substance are in constant motion; the higher the temperature, the greater their speed
solid molecules (or atoms) vibrate a few billion times per second
liquid molecules (or atoms) move around, not just vibrate
gas molecules (or atoms) travel faster & have fewer collisions because they are farther apart from one another
the main difference between phases of matter the volume they occupy
Most substances take up the least amount of volume in their solid phase.
Most substances take up a little more volume in their liquid phase.
Most substances take up the largest amount of volume in their gas phase.
Motion requires work.
Work requires energy.
The higher the temperature of the surroundings, the faster the molecules move around.
melting point temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid
boiling point temperature at which a substance changes from liquid phase to gas phase
condensing: phase change from gas to liquid, requires that energy be removed
freezing: phase change from liquid to solid, requires that energy be removed
Molecules and atoms are in constant motion.
density: an object's mass divided by the volume that the object occupies
Density is a very important quantity in chemistry because it gives an idea of how tightly packed matter is in an object.
To qualitatively determine something is to observe it.
To quantitatively determine something is to measure it.
Water is an exception to the phase change rule because solid water occupies more volume than liquid water & it stays a liquid at room temperature.
All substances that are chemically similar to water are gases at room temperature.
Chemical equations form the basis for most of the work done in chemistry.
reactants substances on the left side of a chemical equation; they REACT together
products atoms/molecules on the right side of a chemical equation; the substances PRODUCED by the reaction
An unbalanced chemical equation will result in not all products being made or in leftover atoms (or both).
The COEFFICIENTS in a chemical equation tell us how many of each molecule we are dealing with.
The SUBSCRIPTS in a chemical equation are a part of the molecule's chemical formula.
An equation is balanced if the # of each type of atom on the reactants side of the equation equals the # of that type of atom on the products side of the equation.
You alter the number of molecules involved in an equation by changing the COEFFICIENTS that appear to the left of each molecule.
When balancing equations, you CANNOT change the numbers that appear in the SUBSCRIPTS.
When balancing equations, START with atoms that appear in only 1 molecule on each side of the equation.
You absolutely must be able to balance chemical equations before you can continue to Module 7!
Created by: MrsHough
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