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ap psych test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience | learning |
| learning that certain events occur together | associative learning |
| associative learning in clasical conditioning occurs between | 2 stimuli |
| associative learning in operant conditions occurs between | a response and its consequences |
| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli | classical conditioning |
| classical conditioning is a neutral stimulus that signals an ____ begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the ___ stimulus | unconditioned stimulus (us), unconcious stimulus |
| respondent conditioning is another term for | classical conditioning |
| the view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes | behaviorism |
| most scientists believe which out of the two | only 1 |
| in classical conditioning the unlearned and naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus | unconditioned response |
| example of unconditioned stimulus | salivation when food is in the mouth |
| in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally triggers a response | unconditioned stimulus |
| in classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral but now conditioned stimulus | conditioned response |
| example of conditioned response | salivating after bell |
| in clasical conditioning an originally unconditioned stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | conditioned stimulus |
| in pavlovs experiment the neutral stimulus, a tone, then became a ___ stimulus, producing a ___ response | conditioned, conditioned |
| the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response | acquisition |
| acquisition in operant conditioning | the strengtheing of a reinforced response |
| the diminishing of a conditioned response | extinction |
| when does extinction occur in classical conditioning | an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus |
| when does extinction occur in operant conditioning | when a response is no longer reinforced |
| the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished conditioned response | spontaneous recovery |
| the tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | in classical conditioning the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| a type of learning in which behavior is strengthed if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | opperant learning |
| behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | respondent behavior |
| skinners term for behavior learned through classical conditioning | respondent behavior |
| behavior that operates on the enviroment, producing consequences | operant behavior |
| thordikes principle that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become ___ likely | law of effect ; less |
| an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | shaping |
| in operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | reinforcer |
| positive reinforcements increase behaviors by | presenting positive stimuli like food |
| negetive reinforcements increase behaviors by | stopping or reducing stimul, like shock |
| a negetive reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, __ the response | strengthens |
| examples of negetive reinforcers | fastening seatbelt to turn off beeping |
| innatly reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need + example | primary reinforcer - getting food when hungry |
| a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer | conditioned reinforcer |
| conditioned reinforcer is also known as | secondary reinforcer |
| example of secondary/conditioned reinforcers | money, good grades, light associated with food in skinner box |
| reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | continious reinforcement |
| reinforcing a response only part of the time | partial (intermittent) reinforcement |
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | fixed ratio schedule |
| in operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | variable ratio schedule |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | fixed interval schedule |
| a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | variable interval schedul |
| an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | punishment |
| positive punishment's | administer an adverse stimulus, spanking, parking ticket |
| negetive punishment's | withdraw a desirable stimulus ; no liscense no privelages |
| a mental representation of the layout of ones envirment | cognitive map |
| after exploring a maze example of what | cognitive map |
| learinng that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | latent learning |
| a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | intrinsic motivation |
| a desire to perform a behvior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | extrinsic motivation |
| the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | modeling |
| frontal love neurons that fire when perfomring certain actions or when observing another doing so | mirror neurons |
| mirror neurons enable | imitation, language learning, empathy |
Created by:
lilcollins92