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AP Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the major subdivisions of the brain? | cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum. |
| The diencephalon part of the brain contains what 3 parts? | Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus |
| The brain stem contains what 3 parts? | Mid-brain. pons, and medulla oblongata. |
| What is gray matter? | Mostly un-myelinated processes and neuron cell bodies. |
| What is white matter? | myelinated fiber tracts |
| Brain Ventricles are? | fluid filled spaces in the brain |
| During development, which grows faster, grey or white matter? | grey matter |
| Cerebral hemispheres are what % of the brains mass? | 80% |
| Gyrus | elevated ridges |
| Sulcus | shallow grooves |
| Fissure | Deep grooves that separate major regions |
| What separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain? | Longitudinal Fissure |
| What separates the cortex from the cerebellum in the brain? | Transverse Fissure |
| What are the 4 types of cerebral lobes? | frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
| What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe? | central sulcus |
| What separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe? | lateral sulcus |
| What separates the parietal lobe from occipital lobe? | Parieto-Occipital Sulcus |
| What is Insula? | The deep portions of the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes |
| The cerebral cortex is also known as what? | "executive suite" |
| The cerbral cortex is what % of the brains mass? | 40% |
| In the cerebral cortex, what are the 3 activity areas? | motor, sensory, and association |
| What is the center of consciousness, 2-4mm thick, and contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons. and glial cells? | Cerebral Cortex |
| Each hemisphere primarily controls what side of the body? | the opposite side |
| Primarily involved in voluntary motor control with more area devoted to skilled muscles (e.g., controls fingers, face) | Primary motor cortex |
| Control is what? | Contralateral |
| Involved in learned repetitious or patterned movements, e.g., playing a piano, typing | Premotor cortex |
| Damage to the primary motor cortex effects what side of the body, e.g., stroke, trauma | The opposite side |
| Reflexes are controlled by what? | Spinal Cord |
| Voluntary control of skeletal muscle is lost when damage is done to what? | Primary motor cortex |
| You lose programmed motor skills when what is damaged? | Premotor Cortex |
| Primary (somatic) motor cortex is located where? | in front of the central sulcus in the frontal lobe |
| What are pyramidal cells? | large neurons that allow us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles. |
| Mapping of the body in CNS structures | Somatotopy |
| Premotor cortex is located where? | in front of the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe |
| Where is Broca's area located? | anterior to the inferior region of the premotor area |
| Broca's Area is only found in which hemisphere? | Left |
| Where is the frontal eye field located? | anterior to the premotor cortex (partially inside of the premotor cortex) |
| This cortical region controls voluntary movement of the eyes | frontal eye field |
| Receives inputs directly from peripheral somatic sensory receptors and localizes points of the body where sensations originate... | Primary Somatosensory Area |
| Spatial Discrimination | identifies the areas of the body being stimulated |
| Primary Somatosensory Area is located where? | Behind the central sulcus |
| Somatosensory Association Area is located where? | posterior to the primary somatosensory area |
| Integrates and analyzes info relative to size and texture for identification of objects and uses memories and experiences for object identification without visual input | Somatosensory Association Area |
| Sensory Area of the Cerebral Cortex (Primary Visual Cortex) | extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe |
| Impulses from the eyes are routed through what? | Thalamus |
| Sensory fibers cross over to the opposite side at what point? | the optic chiasm (75%/25%) |
| Surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe. | Visual Association Area |
| Where is the primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex located? | on each side abutting the lateral sulcus |
| Primary Olfactory (smell) Cortex is located where? | above the orbits and in the medial portion of the temporal lobes |
| What are the multimodal association areas? | anterior, posterior, and limbic association area |
| Anterior Association Area is located where? | Prefrontal Cortex (frontal lobe) |
| Anterior Association Area controls what? | intellect, complex learning, recall and personality, judgement and planning |
| Matures slowly and is influenced by the enviroment | anterior association area |
| posterior association area is located where? | temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes |
| Dominant feeling of danger is located where? | posterior association area |
| Pattern recognition, localizing position, and receives input from motor and other sensory association areas and interprets it | posterior association area |
| Limbic association area is located where? | cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus |
| Provides emotional impact and sense of danger | Limbic association area |
| Which hemisphere is is 90% dominant in all bodily activities? | Left |
| Which hemisphere is dominant for language skills, math, and logic? | Left |
| Which hemisphere is dominant for body language and creative skills (ie intuition, emotion, art and music)? | Right |
| Equal hemispheric function may result in what? | Dyslexia or ambidexterity |
| What are the 3 myelinated fibers? | commissural, association, and projection fibers |
| Commissural fibers connect what? | The right and left hemispheres (ex corpus callosum) |
| Association fibers connect what? | neurons within one hemisphere |
| Projection fibers connect what? | cerebral hemispheres to other parts of the CNS (ex internal capsule) |
| This is deep within the cerebral white matter in every hemisphere... | Basal Nuclei |
| Involved in regulating slow, sustained movements, such as arm swinging... | Basal Nuclei |
| This area results in slow, unsteady, and unnecessary movements and is also where Parkinson's disease occurs... | Basal Nuclei |
| Forms central core of the forebrain and surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres | Diencephalon |
| Diencephalon consists of what 3 parts? | Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus |
| An egg shaped collection of nuclei serving as major "switching station" as impulses transfer from one neuron to the next | Thalamus |
| Thalamus forms the lateral walls of what? | 3rd ventricle |
| Thalamus receives input from all ascending pathways and afferent impulses from all senses except what? | Smell |
| The hypothalamus forms the bottom of what? | 3rd ventricle |
| The stalk connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland | Infundibulum |
| The pituitary gland (endocrine gland) is also known as what? | "the master gland" |
| Hypothalamus is apart of what nervous system? | Autonomic nervous system |
| Hypothalamus is a center for what? | Emotional responses and behaviors |
| Hypothalamus regulates what 4 things? | Body temp, food intake, water balance/thirst, and sleep-wake cycles |
| Hypothalamus controls many _______ system functions. | Endocrine |
| The dorsal portion of the diencephalon | Epithalamus |
| Produces melatonin and is involved in sleep-wake cycles. | Pineal gland |
| Brain stem is composed of what 3 things? | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| Involved in autonomic, unconscious behaviors needed for survival. | Brain stem |
| The brain stem provided pathways (fiber tracts) for _____ which are communicating up and down. | Neurons |
| The cerebral aqueduct passes through what? | Midbrain in the brain stem |
| Houses main connecting routes for all parts of the brain and spinal cord. | Midbrain in the brain stem |
| Connections between the cerebellum and the brain stem | Cerebellar peduncles |
| Pons is located where? | Above the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum |
| This contains both gray matter nuclei and white fiber tracts, cerebral peduncles, is primarily a conduction pathway, and is a site of origin for several cranial nerves. | Pons |
| This is the most inferior part of the brain and merges into the spinal cord inferiorly | Medulla Oblongata |
| Involved in maintaining internal homeostasis. | Medulla Oblongata |
| Controls cardiovascular and respiratory centers and other centers for vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing. | Medulla Oblongata |
| Second-largest brain region | Cerebellum ("small brain") |
| The cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum by what? | Transverse fissure |
| Arbor Vitae is also known as what? | "tree of life" |
| It's surface is the cerebellar cortex (gray matter) with folds (folia) and its white matter fiber tracts are located in the anterior | Cerebellum |
| What is constantly receiving sensory input from muscle, tendon. and joint proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium receptors? | Cerebellum |
| ______ play a major role in control over the refinement of motor activities initiated by the frontal motor cortex. | Purkinje Neurons |
| Encircles the brain stem, is the "emotional center" | Limbic system |
| This system functions in emotional aspects of behavior related to survival. | Limbic system |
| Covers and protects brain and spinal cord and consists of 3 layers | Meninges |
| A fluid "shock absorber" which cushions and nourishes the brain | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| What are the 3 major connective tissue partitions for brain regions within the skull in the meninges? | falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli |
| What are the 3 layers in the meninges? | Dura mater, Arachnoid membrane, and pia mater |
| "Tough/hard mother" | Dura mater |
| Dense irregular fibrous connective tissue (the outermost layer) | Dura mater |
| Loose connective tissue layer in meninges | Arachnoid membrane |
| CSF is reabsorbed back into the blood here and also consists of interstitial fluid | Arachnoid membrane |
| A thin, tight transparent fibrous connective tissue layer supporting a network of many blood vessels | Pia mater |
| "gentle/little mother" | Pia mater |
| Protects against chemical and physical injury and is found in the 4 ventricles and subarachnoid space | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| ____ ml of cerebrospinal fluid is normal for an adult | 80-150 |
| Clear, colorless plasma filtrate containing: H20, glucose, other nutrients, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), anions (Cl-, HCO3-) and some white blood cells. | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Provides a constant chemical enviroment, the pH is important in the control of breathing, and composition is important for regulation cerebral blood flow | Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Special capillary networks in certain places in the ventricular walls | Choroid Plexus |
| Has ependymal cells and protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood. | Choroid Plexus |
| Has no blood-brain barrier | Hypothalamus |
| A blow to the head | Concussion |
| Breaks in small vessels, some bleeding, and visible bruising | Contusion |
| Tearing of the brain (gunshot wound, knife puncture) | Laceration |
| Bleeding from ruptured vessels into that space and increases intracranial pressure | Hemorrhage |
| Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA) are what? | Stroke or transient ischemic attack |
| Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and Cerebral Palsy are what? | Degenerative brain diseases |
| Passes through the vertebral foramina | Spinal cord |
| 3 types of spinal meninges (same as brain) | Dura and pia mater and arachnoid |
| "horses tail" at end of spinal cord are the last few pairs of spinal nerves | Cauda equina |
| Anterior horn | visceral and somatic motor neurons |
| Ventral root | efferent (motor) nerves to skeletal muscles and to the visceral organs (effectors) |
| Posterior horn | fibers from somatic and visceral sensory neurons |
| Dorsal root | afferent nerves from skin, skeletal muscles, connective tissues, visceral organs |
| 5 steps of a reflex | receptor, sensory neurons, spinal cord, integration center, motor neurons, and effector |
| Fasciculi cuneatus and gracilis | fine touch and temp |
| Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts | pain, temp, deep pressure, and coarse touch |
| area involved in pronouncing and interpreting words | Wernicke's area |
| area of speech production | Broca's area |
| area of language comprehension and word analysis | Lateral prefrontal cortex |
| area that controls auditory and visual aspects | Lateral ventral temporal lobe |
| Reticulospinal tracts do what? | maintain balance |
| Rubrospinal tracts do what? | control flexor muscles |
| Superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts do what? | mediate head movements |
| Stimulus or change in the environment | Stimulation |
| Some region of the CNS must receive and translate nerve impulses into sensations and pereptions. This generally occurs where? | Cerebral cortex |
| This requires a sensory receptor cell or organ which responds to specific stimuli and converts them into receptor/generator potentials | Transduction |
| If a receptor/generator potential (graded potential) reaches a threshold, then the neurons action potential will be sent to the CNS | Impulse generation and conduction |
| Mechanoreceptors | mechanical pressure or stretching and generate action potentials when deformed |
| Thermoreceptors | changes in temp |
| Photoreceptors | light strikes retinal receptor cells and generates action potentials in response to light energy |
| Chemoreceptors | certain specific chemical molecules are detected in the mucous fluids of the GI and respiratory tracts, or in the blood or other bodily fluids |
| Exteroceptors are located where? | at or near the body's surface (provide info on external environment) |
| Interoceptors are found where? | in blood vessels, connective tissues, and organs (provide info on the internal environment) |
| Proprioceptors are located where? | in muscles, tendons, joints, and the internal ear (provide info about gravity, body and limb position, and skeletal muscle movements) |
| Anesthesia | a partial or complete loss of sensation |
| When gas agents act in the CNS through poorly understood mechanisms is what kind of anesthesia? | General anesthesia |
| Drugs injected near peripheral nerves inhibit the opening of gated sodium channels, preventing local transmission of action potentials is what kind of anesthesia? | Local anesthesia |
| reduced perception of pain without loss of other sensory info or loss of consciousness is what kind of anesthesia? | Analgesia |
| abnormal sensations not related to stimulation (leg falling asleep) is what kind of anesthesia? | Paresthesias |
| These contain both sensory and motor fibers. | Mixed nerves |
| Endoneurium is found around ... | individual processes |
| Perineurium is found around... | fascicles |
| Epineurium is found around... | entire nerve (outermost layer) |
| How many pairs of nerves are there that originate from the brain and exit through foramina of the skull | 12 |
| First 2 pairs of cranial nerves originate from where? | Forebrain |
| Remaining 10 pairs of cranial nerves originate from where? | Brain Stem |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 |
| All spinal nerves are ____nerves. | Mixed |
| This supplies posterior body trunk | Dorsal Ramus |
| supplies the rest of body trunk and the limbs | Ventral Ramus |
| supplies meninges and blood vessels within meninges | Meningeal Branch |
| A rapid, predictable, automatic response to a stimulus | Reflex |
| A _____ reflex is unlearned and involuntary | Inborn |
| The olfactory cranial nerve passes through the cribiform plate of what bone? | Ethmoid bone |
| The olfactory cranial nerve functions solely by carrying afferent impulses for the sense of _____. | Smell |
| Optic cranial nerve arises from where? | Retina of the eye |
Created by:
LindsayMD