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AP Bio A-14-5
Unit fourteen lesson five
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| biotechnology | The manipulation of organisms or their components to produce useful products. |
| cloning vector | In genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there; cloing vectors include plasmids and bacterial artificial chromosomes (CBACs), which move recombinate DNA from a test tube back into a cell, and viruse |
| complementary DNA | A double-stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase; a cDNA molecule corresponds to the exons of a gene |
| DNA cloning | The production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment. |
| DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain). |
| DNA sequencing | Determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment. |
| gel electrophoresis | A technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer. |
| gene therapy | The introduction of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes. |
| genetically modified organism | An organism that has aquired one or more genes by artifical means; also called a transgenic organism. |
| nucleic acid probe | In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to locate a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample; molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive, fluorescent, or |
| plasmid | A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, plasmides are used as vectors carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10kb) of DNA; plasmids are also found in some |
| pluripotent | Describing a cell that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism. |
| polymerase chain reaction | A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides. |
| recombinant DNA molecule | DNA molecules made in vitro with segments from different sources. |
| restriction enzyme | An endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes); the enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites). |
| restriction site | A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme. |
| reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction | A technique for determining expression of a particular gene; it uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample and then subjects the cDNA to PCR amplification using primers specific for the gene of interest. |
| RNA interference | A mechanism for silencing the expression of specific genes. In RNAi, double-stranded RNA molecules that match that sequence of a gene are processed into siRNA that either block translation or trigger the degradation of the gene's messenger RNA. This happe |
| stem cell | Any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, two identical daughter cells or two more specialized daughter cells that can undergo further differentiation, or one cell of each type. |
| sticky end | A single-stranded end of a double-stranded restricition fragment. |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood