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AP Bio A-14-1
unit fourteen lesson one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 5' cap | A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule. |
| alternative RNA splicing | A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
| codon | A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. |
| domain | (1) A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. (2) A discrete structural and functional region of a protein. |
| exon | A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed. |
| gene expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. |
| intron | A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed. |
| messenger RNA | A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.) |
| poly-a tail | A sequence of 50–250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule. |
| primary transcript | An initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene. |
| promoter | A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place. |
| reading frame | On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis. |
| ribosome | A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. |
| ribozyme | An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing. |
| RNA polymerase | An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand. |
| RNA processing | Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends. |
| RNA splicing | After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons). |
| spliceosome | A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons. |
| start point | In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA. |
| TATA box | A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. |
| template strand | The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript. |
| terminator | In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA. |
| transcription | The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. |
| transcription factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. |
| transcription initiation complex | The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter. |
| transcription unit | A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. |
| translation | The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids. |
| triplet code | A genetic information system in which a series of three-nucleotide-long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain. |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood