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AP Bio A-12-6

Unit twelve lesson six

QuestionAnswer
antiparallel Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5′ S 3′ directions).
Chargaff’s rule Chargaff’s rules: (1) DNA base composition varies between species, and (2) for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal, as are those of G and C bases.
chromatin The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.
DNA polymerase An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3′ end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major role
DNA replication The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis.
double helix The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.
helicase An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.
lagging strand A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5′→3′ direction away from the replication fork.
leading strand The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5′→3′ direction.
mismatch repair The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.
Okazaki fragments A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.
primer A short polynucleotide with a free 3′ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.
replication fork A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.
semiconservative Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand.
telomere The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule. Telomeres protect the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication.
transformation (1) The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a memb
Created by: Jason Stanwood
 

 



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