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AP Bio A-5-6
Unit five lesson six
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anaphase | The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
| aster | An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, consisting of a centrosome and its associated microtubules during the early stages of mitosis in an animal cell. |
| binary fission | A method of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells. In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fi |
| cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. The eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase (including G1, S, and G2 phases) and M phase (including mitosis and |
| cell division | The reproduction of cells. |
| cell plate | A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
| centromere | In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where it is most closely attached to its sister chromatid by proteins that bind to the centromeric DNA. Other proteins condense the chromatin in that region, so it appears as a narrow “waist” |
| centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. |
| chromosome | A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. (In some contexts, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in th |
| cleavage | (1) The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. (2) The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells. |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. |
| G1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. |
| G2 phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
| gametes | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis or is the descendant of cells formed by meiosis. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote. |
| genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences. |
| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle. |
| kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |
| metaphase | The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
| metaphase plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. |
| mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter |
| mitotic phase | The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides. |
| prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosome |
| prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact. |
| S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
| sister chromatids | Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. |
| somatic cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors. |
| telophase | The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |
Created by:
Jason Stanwood