The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy.

The coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance to the “uphill” transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

electrochemical gradient

The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion’s tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).

An active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions.

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.

The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.

The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.

sodium-potassium pump

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

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AP Bio A-5-4

Unit five lesson four

Question	Answer
active transport	The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy.
cotransport	The coupling of the “downhill” diffusion of one substance to the “uphill” transport of another against its own concentration gradient.
electrochemical gradient	The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across a membrane (a chemical force) and the ion’s tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force).
electrogenic pump	An active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions.
endocytosis	Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane.
exocytosis	The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane.
membrane potential	The difference in electrical charge (voltage) across a cell’s plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.
proton pump	An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process.
sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.

Created by: Jason Stanwood

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