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What is tactical ventilation
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FF Chapter 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is tactical ventilation | Planned systematic and coordinated removal of heated air smoke gases and other airborne contaminants from a structure |
| What does being in control of a fire mean | Using ventilation and water application to control its behavior |
| What occurs as oxygen inside a room/structure get consumed | The fire burns less efficiently making a larger amount of unburned fuel products from incomplete combustion |
| What will happen happen to the combustion rate of a ventilation limited fire | It will raise until water is applied |
| What is an effective way of controlling ventilation | Closing doors Covering opens |
| What can occur when fresh air from ventilation is introduced into a fire room | Heated gases can ignite Rapid fire development. |
| What must you do to prevent rapid fire development. | Use appropriate water streams to cool heated gases Properly release gases with correct ventilation at the correct time |
| What will lead to flashover | Ventilation without coordination |
| What amount of ventilation will cause the fire to become fuel limited/prevent flashover | Not possible |
| What are the characteristics of gases that are less dense then air | Buoyant Tend to rise Move toward low pressure areas |
| What is the primary mode of heat transfer from one compartment to another in a structure fire | Convection |
| What conditions can tactical ventilation done properly create | Increased oxygen concentration Reduced heat, products of combustion Increased visibility |
| Who does the life safety priority apply to | Occupants in the structure and the firefighters fighting the fire |
| What can be used to alter a flow path away from victims | Coordinated ventilation |
| When should tactical ventilation be applied | When lines are charged Attack lines are in place Attack crew is ready |
| What should be done to prevent fire spread | Keep the fire ventilation limited for as long as possible |
| What can happen before ventilation is initiated | Any rescue/search |
| What are some conditions that should be communicated to an IC or supervisor when tasked with tactical ventilation | Overhead power line Solar panels Guide wires Two escape locations off roof |
| What are examples of unplanned ventilation | Window failure Doors opened or fail Structural member failure |
| What are the two assumptions firefighters should make about any structure fire toguide decision making | Structure consists of lightweight construction Fire is Ventilation limited |
| What can allow the atmosphere to influence the fire in a building | Any opening in the building |
| How should firefighters use wind to their advantage at a fire | Work the with wind to your back Entrance upwind Exhaust downwind |
| What Speed of winds can affect structure fires | 10 mph or more |
| What must firefighters consider before tactical ventilation operations occur for exposures | Interior exposures (occupants, contents, uninvolved rooms) External exposures (adjacent buildings, exterior walls) |
| What is a hazard with exhausting smoke through a mid or lower level opening | Can ignite exterior walls or roofing of building Can go into adjacent buildings and ignite |
| How can heat/gases enter adjacent buildings | Drawn into attic vents and HVAC systems Enter through open windows |
| What is the main cause of adjacent buildings being affected by a structure fire | Radiation Direct flame contact |
| What should be gathered when spectating where to ventilate | Information about fire, building, and occupancy |
| What is your responsibility when you see observations or concerns | To communicate them |
| What are some examples of structural elements that can cause an issue/lack of integrity | Lightweight trusses Open floor plans with limited truss supports Prior damage to the roof |
| What are some indications of possible roof collapse | Melting asphalt Smoke/fire coming from roof Roof systems sagging/leaning Spongy roof |
| What should a spongy roof do | Sag when pushed or waked on but spring back into shape |
| What can a spongy roof indicate | Failure of roof decking |
| What are axes used for | Breaking windows Chopping holes through roof decking |
| What are power saws used for | Cutting holes through roof decking |
| What are chain saws used for | Cutting holes through roof decking |
| What are pike poles used for | Pulling or opening ceilings |
| What are air movement devices used for | Generate air flow |
| What are hoselines and nozzles used for in terms of ventilation | Hydraulic ventilation and resetting fire |
| What is a wind control device | Heavy curtain used to cover exterior window and door openings to limit ventilation |
| What is a smoke control device | Heavy curtain or similar device used to block interior or exterior window and door openings to limit ventilation |
| How should wind assisted ventilation operations go | Downwind side openings should be made first to create an exhaust point Upwind side openings made second to create intakes |
| How much time does natural ventilation alone provide better conditions | Less than a minute |
| When is mechanical ventilation needed | When natural air currents aren’t enough to ventilate properly |
| What does negative pressure mean | Artificially lowering the pressure inside the structure so fresh air from outside moves in quickly |
| What does positive pressure mean | Artificially raising the pressure inside the structure so that smoke and gases move toward the lower pressure exterior |
| What can upset horizontal ventilation | Opening a door or window on the upwind side before creating exhaust point |
| What does mechanical horizontal ventilation do when applied before/ during fire suppression | Accelerated exchange of fresh air into a structure Not under control, can do more harm than good |
| What are some limitations of mechanical ventilation | Depends on power source Requires special equipment and more resources |
| Why should firefighters wear SCBA and monitor the environment when doing overhaul with a fan | Gas powered fans can add carbon monoxide to a structure |
| What are some advantages of mechanical ventilation | Supplements/enhances natural ventilation Ensure more control of air flow Speeds the removal of contaminants Reduces smoke damage Promotes good public relations |
| How is negative pressure ventilation performed | Air movement equipment develops artificial air flow to pull smoke from the structure and bring fresh air into it |
| How do you set up an NPV fan | With a seal around the outside of it preventing outside air from being drawn in |
| What does a positive pressure attach work best on | Fires confined to a single compartment |
| What will happen if the pressure is not sufficient during a Positive Pressure Attack | Smoke will exhaust towards PPA intake instead of exiting out the exhaust point |
| What is positive pressure attack | Controlling the flow within a structure during the initial stages of a fire before suppression occurs |
| What are the two main consideration when performing a PPA | Location of fire Exhaust to intake size ratio (at least 1 to 1) |
| What is positive pressure ventilation | Exhausting smoke heat and toxic gases to the exterior after fire suppression |
| What are disadvantages of PPV | May hide fire extension Smoldering fires can intensify Structure must have some compartmentalization Carbon monoxide added through fan exhausts |
| What should be done to ensure an effective PPV operation | Exhaust surface area exceeds intake surface area Maintain communication Take advantage of wind direction |
| What are some advantages of PPV | Firefighters don’t have to enter IDLH Equally effect with horizontal and vertical ventilation Heat/smoke removal is efficient |
| When using PPV on a multistory building where should the fan be located | Lowest point or ground level |
| What is main problem for using PPV in multistory buildings | Coordinating the opening and closing of the doors in stairwells |
| What are some disadvantages of hydraulic ventilation | Water damage increased if done incorrectly Depleted water supply More ice in cold conditions Firefighter operating nozzle must remain in IDLH |
| What increased risks does vertical ventilation create | Personnel above ground level Working on peeked and flat roofs Working above fire Working on weakend roofs |
| What are some factors that can reduce the effectiveness of vertical ventilation | Improper use of mechanical ventilation Uncoordinated ventilation Fog streams directed into vent holes Burn through of the roof Improper location of ventilation hole Additional ventilation openings |
| What are some safety precautions for vertical ventilation | Work with the wind at your back or side when cutting Extend ground ladders at least three rings above the edge of the roof or parapet |
| What should be done before stepping of a ladder into a roof | Sound the roof |
| What information does sounding provide about structural members of the roof beneath the sheathing | None |
| What roofs may not respond to sounding | Roofs with multiple layers of roofing materials |
| What roofs can’t be sounded | Slate or tile roofs |
| What must be done in order for ventilation to occur on slate or tile roofs | They must be removed from roof exposing sheathing |
| How should a saw be transported to an from the point of operation | Off |
| What should be done before cutting any type of ventilation hole | Cut an inspection hole |
| What can an inspection hole determine | Location of fire Presence of fire below the roof Construction features |
| What are the two primary types of inspection holes | Kerf cut Triangle cut |
| Whay information can a kerf cut give firefighters | Wether or note smoke or flames is escaping from the cut |
| What should happen if flames come through an inspection cut | Abandon ventilation efforts and exit the roof Report to IC |
| How can a ventilation cut be made | Between trusses or with trusses in the middle of the cut |
| What cut is used when the truss is in the middle of a cut | Louver cut |
| Where should you cut your ventilation hole on a pitched roof | Few inches below the peak on the downwind side At or near highest point on the roof |
| What is the purpose of a trench cut | To create a defensible line ahead of the fires spread |
| When is a trench cut used | When the IC determined the main body of the fire is too large to extinguish |
| What should be present when a trench cut is being made | Charged hoselines |
| What should have already happend if a trench cut is Being used | A ventilation hole over body of fire has already been made |
| What are the advantages of a trench cut | Works well in large buildings Creates defensible space in attic |
| What are some disadvantages of a trench cut | Time consuming Physically taxing Place firefighters ahead of the fire Can cause fire to spread more rapidly |
| What is something that is very important when considering ventilation for a basement fire than other fires | The stage of the fire |
| What is a last resort to ventilate basement fires | Cutting a hole in the flooring near a door or window to use as an exhaust opening |
| What do windowless building usually require for proper ventilation | Mechanical ventilation |
| What is a specific risk to high rise fires | Fire, smoke and toxic gases can spread rapidly through pipe chases, stairways, elevator shafts, unprotected ductsX and other vertical openings |
| Explain the stack affect | Heated smoke and fire gases travel upward until they reach the top of the building or they are cooled to the temperature of air, smoke and fire gases stop rising and start to spread horizontally and stratify into layers |
| When else can horizontal smoke spread occur | When ventilation holes are to small |
| What stairwell should be used for ventilation in high rise buildings | The one that penetrates the roof |
| What should be deployed on a stairwell that is being used to evacuate occupants | A PPV to pressurize stairwell so it doesn’t fill with smoke |
Created by:
Kab731