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Psychology Test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge due to past experience? | Learning |
| What is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses? | Conditioning |
| What are the three parts to the learning process? | Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning |
| What scientist studied classical conditioning? | Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) |
| What is an example of what happens before conditioning? | Prior to conditioning, the dog notices the bell ringing, but does not salivate. The bell=Neutral stimulus, Food in mouth=UCS, salivation= UCR |
| What is an example of what happens during conditioning? | the ringing bell is repeated sounded immediately before the food is placed in front of the dog |
| What is an example of what happens after conditioning? | The bell is no longer neutral (the bell is now cs) because when the bell is rung, the dog reacts to the conditioned reflex. The salivation response to the food is now called the cr. |
| What does the abbreviation NS mean? | neutral stimulus |
| What does the abbreviation US mean? | unlearned stimulus |
| What does the abbreviation UR mean? | unconditioned response |
| What is the process of learning a new response, in which the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are first paired to produce the unconditioned response, then the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, eliciting a conditioned response? | acquisition of basic classical conditioning |
| What is when the conditioned response is elicited not only by the conditioned stimulus but also by stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus? | stimulus generalization |
| What is when the stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus do not elicit the conditioned response? | stimulus discrimination |
| What is when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone, without the unconditioned stimulus; eventually the conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response? | extinction |
| What is sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response? | spontaneous recovery |
| What is when the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through repeated pairing with a previously conditioned stimulus? | high-order conditioning |
| What are the 4 classical conditioning factors? | stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery |
| What is the sudden, temporary reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response? | spontaneous recovery |
| What is a conditioned emotional response? | basically a response conditioned response based off of an emotion, like if a baby sees a rat and hears a loud noise, this causes the baby to feel fear, the fear if the conditioned emotional response |
| placebo response | user associates sight, smell, and taste with drug effect. For example, the taste, sight, or smell of coffee or caffeine associates with how it affects your body and speeds you up |
| Examples of everyday classical conditioning associations | phobias, colognes, and advertising |
| Operant conditioning | learning through voluntary behavior and its subsequent consequences; reinforcement increases behavioral tendencies, whereas punishment decreases them |
| What are the two different types of operant conditioning? | reinforcement and punishment |
| What is reinforcement in terms of operant conditioning? | the adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which increases the likelihood of that response being repeated |
| What is punishment in terms of operant conditioning? | the adding or taking away of a stimulus following a response, which decreases the likelihood of that response being repeated |
| What is Thorndike's law? | Law of effect, responses that produce a satisfying effect are more likely to occur again, whereas those that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again |
| What is Skinner' law? | extended Thorndike's law, emphasizes that reinforcement and punishment should always be presented after the behavior of interest has occurred |
| What important figure was interested in emitted behaviors? | B. F Skinner |
| What is a voluntary response that acts on the environment to produce consequences? | operant |
| positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement | positive: studying to make the dean's list, negative: studying to avoid losing academic scholarships |
| Primary vs conditioned reinforcer. | primary: inherently reinforcement for a species, conditioned: acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer |
Created by:
JefferyCWilliams