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Nutrition Exam II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fat Soluble Vitamins | A,D,E,K |
| Water Soluble Vitamins | Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Pantothenic, Biotin, Folate, B12, Choline, Vitamin C |
| Vit A main functions and sources | eye health, night vision, immune systems, cardio disease, cancer prevention retinoids- food of animal origin carotenoids- pigments in veg can be converted |
| Vit A deficiencies and toxicities | leading cause of preventable blindness in children, loss of night vision highly toxic, fetal malformations, spontaneous abortions, dry skin |
| Vit D main funtions and sources | calcium metabolism, bone health, Calcium and Phosphorus absorbtion from intestines, Calcium in bone, immune and cancer few: fish, salmon and talapia, eggs, irradiated mushrooms Vit D fortiefied milk and cereal, sunlight |
| Vit D deficiencies and toxicity | rickets in children, curved spine and bowed legs, osteomalacia: in adults soft bones, become porus toxic on in high amounts, over absorbtion, deposits in organs, not from sun exposure |
| Vit E main funtions and sources | antioxidant, prevents oxidation by fighting free radicals from air pollution smoking etc plant oils and products, green leafy veggies, nuts and sees, fortified breakfast cereals |
| Vit E deficiencies and toxicity | rare except in premature infants, nerve degeneration, break down of cell membranes toxicity: muscle weakness, headaches, nausea |
| Vit K functions and sources | coenzyme in koagulation "blood clotting" activates proteins and bone formation green leafy veggies, spinach, brocolli, bacteria in colon |
| Vit K deficiencies and toxicity | rare in adults, hemorrhage and fractures, infants- fat mal absorbtion, taking antibiotics long term unknown |
| Thiamin functions and sources | coenzyme in energy metabolism, synthesis of RDA and DNA, production of neurotransmitters enriched grain products, protein (pork) some fruits and veggies, milk |
| Thiamin deficiencies and toixity | Beriberi- muscle wasting, fatigue, and mental disturbances Wernicke-Korsakoff- severe neurological sympotoms (alcoholism) unknown |
| Riboflavin functions and sources | helps with energy metabolism found in milk and dairy products |
| Riboflavin deficiencies and toxicity | Araboflavinosis- cracks and redness of the tips and corner of mouth swelling of mouth and sore throat unknown |
| Niacin function and sources | energy metabolism, synthesis of glucose meats, can make from amino acid triptophan |
| Niacin deficiencies and toxicity | Pellagra- fetigue, dermatitus, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death from supplements, flushing, gastro issues, liver damage theraputic- lower cholesterol |
| Pyridoxine functions and sources | role in amino acid and protein metabolism, hemoglobin and nuerotransmitters high protein foods(animals), some grains |
| Pyridoxine deficiencies and toxicitiy | anemia- impaired immune funtion, weakness, dermatitus, nuerological disorders supplements- pain and numbness, sometimes, irreversable neurological effects |
| Pantothenic Acid functions and sources | energy metablosim, synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroids hormones, neurotransmitters "panothen"- from every side, in almost all foods |
| Pantothenic Acid deficiencies and toxicity | rare unknown |
| Biotin functions and sources | essential cofactor in metabolism of certain lipids, carbohydrate, amino acids widely distributed, food and bacteria synthesis in colon |
| Biotin deficiencies and toxicity | infants w genetic defect (biotindase) omission of biotin from intravenous feeding (tube) unknown |
| Folate functions and sources | DNA and RNA synthesis, normal cell division and development fortified grains, beans, asparagus, pasta |
| Folate deficiencies and toxicity | megaloblastic anemia- large immature cell in pregnancy- neural tube defects open part of spinal chord potentcy of folate supplements, masks B12 deficiency symptoms |
| B12 functions and sources | maintain neural sheaths animal only! egg, meat, fish |
| B12 deficiencies and sources | megaloblastic anemia- isidious and hidden, cognitive impairment issues with motor control, break down of nueral sheath unknown |
| Choline functions and sources (non B) | w folate and B12, forms neurotransmitters, part of phospholipids and cell membranes unknown |
| Choline deficiencies and toxicity (non B) | fat accumulates in liver only through supplementation, fishy body odor |
| Vitamin C (non B) functions and sources | coenzyme in biological reactions, hormone production, collagen synthesis fruits and veggies |
| Vitamin C (non B) deficiencies and toxicity | scurvy (alcoholics and drug addicts and cigarette smoke) unknown |
| macro vs. micro | macro over 100 mg micro less than 100 mg |
| toxicities are most likely do to.... ? | supplementation |
| most toxic fat soluble vitamin | Vitamin A |
| vitamin that can be made from tryptophan? | niacin |
| problem with too much folic acid supplementation? | masks B12 deficiency |
| main minerals found in bone? | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium |
| most abundant mineral in the body | calcium |
| organs involved in regulating calcium balance in body and blood? | intestine, kidney, bone |
| functions of water in the body | regulates body temperature, transports nutrients and oxygen lubricates joints, mucus and saliva, cushions tissue, solvents removes waste |
| vitamins that can be made in the large instestine/colon | vit k and biotin |
| physicians sometimes perscribe this to lower blood LDL cholesterol | Niacin |
| smokers need more of vitamin...? | Vitamin C |
| major vs trace minerals? | major >100mg a day trace <100mg a day |
| Side effects of too much caroteniods in your diet? | orange skin |
| main way body excretes excess water soluble vitamins? | urine |
| Major Minerals | Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sulfur |
| Trace Minerals | Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, iodine, Selenium, Chromium, flouride |
| Calcium functions and sources | 99% strengthens bone and teeth 1% blood clotting, hormones, muscle contraction, nerve transmission dairy products, leafy greens, fortified food, canned fish with bones, some tofu |
| calcium deficiency and toxicity | ostepenia- low bone ass osteoporosis- bones weak and fracture rare, some supplements, body stops absorbing |
| Phsophorus functions and sources | bone are cartiladge, phospolipids, dna and rna protien rich food and processed foods |
| pohsphorus deficiency and oxicity | rare soft drinks increase risk for osteoperosis |
| Magnesium functinos and sources | bone structure, DNA and RNA, heart and nerves, insulin plants, nuts and seeds, some animals, hard tap water |
| magnesium deficiency and toxicity | hypomagnesemia- heavy persperication and vomiting, use of diuretics rare from diet mostly supplement or drug misuse |
| Sulfur functions and sources | compotent of protein (cystene and methiochine) from thiamin and biotin |
| sulfure deficiency and toxicity | unknown rare excrete excess in urine |
| sodium (electorlyte) functions and sources | ectracellular, fluid balance and blood pressure, nerve and muscle, across cell membranes processed food, table salt, cooking |
| sodium deficiency and toxicity | over consumption- hypertension |
| Potassium (electrolyte) functions and sources | primary electrolyte within cell (intracellular), fluid balance, transport, nerves fresh fruit and veg, oj , potatos, bananas |
| Potassium deficiency and toxicity | usually though dishreha and vomiting, fatigue, msucle weakness, heart issues hypertenison, storke, heart attack, from supplementation missuse |
| Chloride elctrolyte functions and sources | table salt, extracellular, fluid balance salt |
| Chloride defiecieny and toxicity | in salt increases blood pressure |
| Iodine functions and sources | thyroid hormone, development of skeleton and brain salt, seafood, milk, processed grain |
| Iodine deficiency and toxicity | hyperthyroidism- slow metabolism, high blood cholesterol, GOITER Cretinism- mental stunted disablilty, nuerological development excess- tyroid gland decrease funtion, GOITER, growth of thyroid |
| Iron functions and sources | many enzymes, growth, production, and HEALING meats, peas, lugumes |
| Iron deficiency and toxicity | anemia- blood loss, insuffienct intake, children, preg, mentrating women tired out of breath, poor performance, poor cognitive developemtn ause dishrea and vomiting- fatigure, apathy, liver damage, immune problems iron poisening from chewy vit in kids |
| Zinc functions and sources | metablosim, funciton immune, cells, hormone, sexual maturity anf fertilty red meats and shellfish, nuts beans, whole grains |
| Zinc deficiency and toxicity | impaired immune funtion, apetite and weight loss at risk alcoholics, vegs, ederly, young |
| organic vs inorganic | organic vitamin inorganic minerals |
| enrichment? | adding back nutrients lost in processing |
| fortification? | adding in something not there in the first place |
| whole grain, what vit and minerals do they contain, effect refinement and grains? | all part, B vit, zinc, iron, can be lost in processing and refining flour |
| vitamin defiencies | not in food, decreased absorbtion, increase breakdown, increased requirements (pregnacy) |
| where to find recommendations | USDA rda |
| where do fat soluble vitamins go | once absobtion by intestine- go into lymphatic system and circulate |
| where do excess water soluble vitamins go | urine |
| symptoms of water defiency | dark urine, thirst, muscle cramps, confusion, lethargy |
| intracellular? | potassium + |
| extracellular? | sodium- chloride- |
| where else is cholride found? | stumache acid |
| three electrolytes? | sodium, potassium, chloride |
| public health fortification measures? | idoine- salt (goiter) vit d in milk (rickets in children) folate in grains (prevents neural tube defects in pregnancy) |
| importance of balanced mineral intake? | compete with each other and block anothers actions |
| main sources of phosphorus in diet and how effect calcium intake | in processed foods and animal proteins too much messes with calcium absorbtion |
| main source of sodium in usa and effects | processed foods, hypertension and high blood pressure |
| how to maximize bone mass before 30 | adequate vit D and calcium, physical activity, not smoking |
| sources of heme iron | red meats (animal porducts) fish pultry(used to be bloody) |
| increase absorbtion of nonheme iron | consuming vit c with it |
| percent of body thats water | 60-70% |
| populations vunerbale to micronutrient deficiency | ederly- b12 dark pigmented skin or breasfed- vit d menstrating and preg- iron |
| nutirents college age students are low in | magnesium, potassium, vitamin D, vitamin E |
| bioavailability? | how much of what in a food can be absorbed by the body |
| oxalates from? | leafy greens and spinach |
| phytates block | absorbtion of calcium |
| brocolli good source of ? | vitamin C, vitamin E, Folate, Potassium |
| b vitamins found in | whole grains |
| pellagra? | Niacin, 4 d's dihreah, dermatitus, dementia, death |
| beriberi? | Thiamin |
| megaloblastic anemia? | Folate |
| perniscious anemia? | B12 |
| calcium deficiency | osteoporsosis |
| iron deficiency | anemia |
| iodine deficiency | goiter |
| milk in opaque containers? | Riboflavin is destroyed by light |
Created by:
emilys2015