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Anatomy - Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 types of tissue? | 1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
| Epithelial tissue... | Forms sheets that cover or line body |
| Connective tissue... | Provides structure and functional support |
| Muscle tissue... | Contracts to produce movement |
| Nervous tissue... | Senses, conducts, and processes information |
| What is the matrix? | Fluid material between the cells |
| What kind of tissue has very little matrix? | Epithelial, because the cells are packed so closely together (very little room for fluid material between cells) |
| Does connective tissue have lots or very little matrix (fluid material between cells)? | Lots of matrix - cells are few and far between. Connective tissue provides structural and functional support |
| Gluelike layer called the ____________ membrane connects epithelial tissue to its connective tissue foundation. | Basement |
| 4 types of eputhelial tissue | 1. Squamous - flat and scalelike 2. Cuboidal - cube shaped 3. Columnar - tall and slim 4. Traditional - varying shapes, stretchy |
| Epithelial tissues 2 types of arrangements | 1. Simple - single layer 2. Stratified - many layers of cells, named for shape of cell in outer layer |
| Simple squamous epithelium | Single layer of very thin and irregular shaped cells. Substances easily pass through. Ex: oxygen into blood of tiny air sacs in lungs |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Several layers of closely packed cells. Tissues of protection. Ex: skin surface. Mucous membranes. |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Form tubules or other groupings for secreting (usually glands). Glands classified as exocrine if they release secretion through a duct or endocrine if secreted directly by diffusion into bloodstream. Ex: saliva, sweat, tubules that form pee in kidneys |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Lining inner surface of stomach and some respiratory tract. Arranged in single layer lining the inner surface of the colon and large intestine. Nuclei located towards bottom of cell. Goblet cells. |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | Lines trachea and windpipe. Touches basement membrane. Appears to be several layers thick but is not, hence why called pseudo. Cilia move in unison and move mucus along the lining of the trachea, protecting the lungs. |
| Stratified transitional epithelium | Found in body areas of stress and must be able to stretch. Ex: Bladder. |
| Connective tissue | Most abundant and widely distributed. Exists in many varied forms. Found in skin, membranes, muscle, bone, nerves, all internal organs, blood (transports substances thru body). Connects each tissue, forms supporting framework. Defend against microbes |
| Types of connective tissue | A. Fibrous (connective tissue proper) 1. Loose fibrous (areolar) 2. Adipose (fat)- white, brown 3. Reticular 4. Dense fibrous - regular,irregular B. Bone 1. Compact 2. Cancellous C. Cartilage 1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. |
| Muscle tissue... | Movement. Contract. Stability. Produces body heat. |
| What are the three kinds of muscle tissue? | Skeletal. Cardiac. Smooth. |
| Skeletal muscle tissue (also known as striated)... | Voluntary (voluntary control of skeletal muscle contraction is possible). Cells long, thread like, "fibers" |
| Cardiac muscle... | Forms walls of heart. Produces heartbeat. Thick dark bands called "intercalated disks." Branches and connects to make 3-dimensional contractile tissue. Tubelike membrane proteins link muscle fibers as one big unit. |
| Smooth muscle (visceral)... | Involuntary. Long and narrow fibers. Only one nucleus per fiber. Forms walls of blood vessels, hollow organs, intestines, other tube-shaped structures. Contractions move stuff through digestive tract. Contractions in respiratory system can impair breathin |
| Nervous tissue... | Controls body function. Communication between body structures. Two kinds of cells: --Neurons (impulse conducting) and --Glia/neuroglia (connecting and supporting) |
| Nervous tissue's "neurons" are characterized by... | A cell body and 2 types of processes: 1. One axon that transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body 2. One or more dendrites, which carry impulses toward the cell body. |
| What is growth of new tissue called? | Regeneration |
| What kind of cells remove dead or injured tissue cells and allow new cells to fill in gaps? | "Phagocytic" cells |
| What types of cells have the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial and connective |
| Can smooth and cardiac muscles easily regenerate themselves? | No, especially when the damage is severe |
| Simple squamous epithelium's function? | Transport (ex: absorption) |
| Stratified squamous epithelium main function? | Protection |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium function and key points | Secretory. May be grouped into glands. May secrete into ducts.ex: saliva |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | Each cell touches basement membrane. Lines trachea. |
| Types of connective tissue | 1.Areolar (glue that holds organs together). 2.Adipose (lipid storage is primary function). 3.Fibrous (Bundles of strong collagen fibers). 4. Bone (Matrix is calcified, function is support + protection. 5. Cartilage (Matrix is consistency of gristle gel, |
| Types of muscle tissue | 1.Skeletal. Attaches to bone. Called striated/ voluntary. 2. Cardiac. Called striated/involuntary. 3. Smooth. Called nonstriated/ visceral or involuntary. Found in blood vessels + tube shaped organs. |
| Nervous tissue function | Rapid communication. Neurons: Conduction cells |
| Neurons | All neurons have a cell body and 2 types of processes, axon and dendrite. Axon carries nerve impulses away from cell. Dendrite(s) carry nerve impulses to cell. Glia (neuroglia), supportive and connecting cells |
| Tiny air sacs in the lungs are an example of what type of tissue? | Simple squamous epithelium. Substances can readily pass through (like the absorbing of oxygen into blood here). Transport is its function. |
| Skin is an example of what kind of epithelial tissue? | Stratified squamous epithelium. This tissue's function is protection. |
| Example of simple cuboidal epithelium | Tubules that form urine in the kidneys. Simple cuboidal epithelium doesn't form protective coverings. Forms tubules or other groupings for secretory activity. Function in tubes of cells called glands. Exocrine or endocrine. |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium may be found in | The sweat gland ducts |
| Simple columnar epithelium can be found | Lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts. Taller than wide. Nuclei located toward bottom of each cell. Goblet cells that produce mucus. Columns specialize in absorption. |
| Pseudostratified epithelium | Lines trachea or windpipe. Each cell touches basement membrane. Only looks several layers thick. Isn't. Cilis extend from cells. Move mucus along lining of trachea, protecting lungs |
| Stratified transitional epithelium | Found in body areas subjected to stress. Must stretch. In urinary bladder. Up to 10 layers of differently shaped cells when not stretched. When stretched, epithelium expands, cell layers decrease, cell shape changes from rough cuboidal to nearly squamous |
| Compact bone is made up of numerous structural building blocks called | Osteons or haversian systems |
| Inside each bone is a type of tissue called | Cancellous bone or spongy bone |
| Most common type of cartilage in the body | Hyaline |
| Strongest type of cartilage | Fibrocartilage |
| This type of tissue is found in red marrow cavities and spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes. It is responsible for formation of red blood and lymph cells | Hematopoietic tissue |
| Compact bone made up of building blocks called | Osteons or haversian systems. |
| Cartilage | Firm plastic/gristle gel. Swiss cheese. 3 types of cartilage. |
| Hyaline | Most common type of cartilage. Glassy. |
| Fibrocartilage | Strongest. Shock absorbers. |
| Elastic cartilage | Flexible. In external ear, larynx |
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Shawna337