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HuG Unit 1
Thinking Geographically
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absolute Location | the position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds of longitude and latitude |
| Cartography | The science of map making |
| Cultural Ecology | The study of human adaptations to social and physical environments. Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment. |
| Diffusion – Relocation | The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another. |
| Diffusion – Expansion | When a trend is spread from its originating place, outward. There are several forms of this type of diffusion including contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion. |
| Diffusion – Contagious | A process in which the items being diffused remain and often intensify in the origin area as new areas are being affected, i.e., the items diffuse from person to person |
| Diffusion – Hierarchical | Diffusion of a disease, cultural trait, idea, or innovation from larger to smaller places, leaping over nearby but small places in the early stages. Emphasizes the size distribution of urban places in explaining the spread of things over time and space |
| Diffusion – Stimulus | form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place |
| Distance Decay | The declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source |
| Distortion (Map) | The change in a map's shape, size, relative distance, or direction when converting the globe (3D) to a flat map (2D). |
| Distribution | the division, sharing and delivery of goods, people, services and ideas. |
| Emigration | The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another. |
| Environmental Determinism | the view that the natural environment has a controlling influence over various aspects of human life, including cultural development |
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | A computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data. A GIS uses and produces maps and has the ability to perform many types of spatial analysis. |
| Globalization | The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | A set of satellites used to help determine location anywhere on the earth’s surface with a portable electronic device |
| Hearth | The starting point or place of origin (of an idea, invention, belief, trait, etc.) |
| Human Development Index (HDI) | A statistic composite index of indicators (such as life expectancy, education, and per capita income ), which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. |
| Human-Environment Interaction | The ways in which human society and the natural environment affect each other (the fifth theme of geography). |
| Immigration | The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. |
| Latitude/Parallel | An imaginary line running parallel to the equator that is used to measure distance in degrees north and south |
| Longitude/Meridian | An imaginary line encircling the Earth and running through the poles. Used to determine the location of things by measurement of the angular distance in degrees east or west from the Prime Meridian, also called meridians |
| Location | The absolute position of something on the surface of the earth, and also its relative proximity to other related things (the first theme of geography). |
| Map – Cartogram | A type of thematic map that transforms space such that the political unit with the greatest value for some type of data is represented by the largest relative area |
| Map – Choropleth | A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones. |
| Map – Dot Density | A type of thematic map that uses dots or other symbols on the map to show the values of one or more numeric data fields. |
| Map – Flow Line | a type of thematic map that shows the movement of objects between different areas. These types of maps can show things like the movement of goods across space, such as migration patterns. |
| Map – Graduated Symbol | a thematic maps that use the visual variable of size to represent differences in the magnitude of a discrete, abruptly changing phenomenon. |
| Map – Isoline | A thematic map that uses lines drawn on a map connecting data points of the same value. They are commonly used by geographers. |
| Movement | The flow of people, goods, money, ideas, or materials between locations near or far (the fourth theme of geography). |
| Place | The local human and physical characteristics that uniquely define a place and give it meaning to its inhabitants (the second theme of geography). |
| Possibilism | theory that human decision making not the environment is the crucial factor in cultural development, although possibilist contend that the environment provides broad constraints that limits possibilities |
| Region | An area characterized by similarity or by cohesiveness that sets it apart from other areas (the third theme of geography). |
| Region – Formal/uniform | an area of near uniformity (homogeneity) in one or several characteristics |
| Region – Functional/nodal | A area that is a product of interactions, and movement of various kinds, usually characterized by a core and hinterland (e.g. a city and its surrounding suburbs) |
| Region – Vernacular/Perceptual | A area that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity |
| Relative Location | the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. |
| Remote Sensing | observation and mathematical measurement of the earth’s surface using aircraft and satellites. The sensors include both photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images. |
| Site | The characteristics at the immediate location, for example, soil type, climate, labor force, and human structures. Also, refers to the actual physical attributes of the place it occupies. |
| Situation | Refers to the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places—relative location. Also describes the surrounding features, the greater regional framework. |
| Scale | representation of a real-world phenomena at a certain level of reduction or generalization |
| Space/Spatial | pertaining to space on the earth ‘s surface; sometimes used as a synonym for geographic |
| Time-Space Compression | social and psychological effect of living in a world in which time-space convergence has reach a high level of intensity because of improvements in technology and transportation. |
| Time Zones | A region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time, each ‘zone’ generally represents one hour of time; 24 time zones generally accepted throughout the world |
| Toponym | A place-name (name of a place) |
| Friedrich Ratzel | a German trained in Biology and Chemistry who's geopolitical theory in the late 1800's greatly influenced the belief of environmental determinism. |
Created by:
Perales76