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C400
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Concept of Operations | a verbal or graphic statement that clearly and concisely expresses what the commander intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources |
| Operational Art | the cognitive approach by commanders and staffs—supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment—to develop strategies, campaigns, and operations to organize and employ military forces by integrating ends, ways, and means |
| Army Design Methodology (ADM) | a methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize, and describe unfamiliar problems and approaches to solving them |
| Defeat | to render a force incapable of achieving its objectives. Defeat has a temporal component and is seldom permanent |
| Defeat Mechanism | a method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition. Army forces at all echelons use combinations of four defeat mechanisms: destroy, dislocate, disintegrate, and isolate |
| Destroy | a tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until it is reconstituted |
| Dislocate | to employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage, rendering the enemy’s dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant |
| Disintegrate | to disrupt the enemy’s command and control system, degrading its ability to conduct operations while leading to a rapid collapse of the enemy’s capabilities or will to fight |
| Isolate | to separate a force from its sources of support in order to reduce its effectiveness and increase its vulnerability to defeat |
| Physical Effects | those things that are material |
| Temporal Effects | those that occur at a specific point in time |
| Cognitive effects | those that pertain to or affect the mind |
| Stability mechanism | the primary method through which friendly forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that support establishing a lasting, stable peace |
| Four Stability Mechanisms | compel, control, influence, and support |
| Compel | to use, or threaten to use, lethal force to establish control and dominance, affect behavioral change, or enforce compliance with mandates, agreements, or civil authority |
| Control | involves imposing civil order. Influence means to alter the opinions, attitudes, and ultimately the behavior of foreign friendly, neutral, adversary, and enemy audiences through messages, presence, and actions |
| Support | establishes, reinforces, or sets the conditions necessary for the instruments of national power to function effectively |
| End State | a set of desired future conditions the commander wants to exist when an operation ends |
| Center of Gravity | the source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or will to act |
| Decisive Point | a geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an enemy or contribute materially to achieving success |
| Line of Operations | a line that defines the directional orientation of a force in time and space in relation to the enemy and links the force with its base of operations and objectives |
| Interior Lines | lines on which a force operates when its operations diverge from a central point |
| Exterior Lines | lines on which a force operates when its operations converge on the enemy |
| Line of Effort | a line that links multiple tasks using the logic of purpose rather than geographical reference to focus efforts toward establishing a desired end state |
| Measurement of Performance | an indicator used to measure a friendly action that is tied to measuring task accomplishment |
| Measurement of Effectiveness | an indicator used to measure a current system state, with change indicated by comparing multiple observations over time |
| Tempo | the relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy. It reflects the rate of military action |
| Phase | a planning and execution tool used to divide an operation in duration or activity |
| Change in Phase | usually involves a change of mission, task organization, or rules of engagement |
| Transitions | mark a change of focus between phases or between the ongoing operation and execution of a branch or sequel |
| Transitions | occur when delivering essential services, retaining infrastructure needed for reconstruction, or when consolidating gains |
| Culminating Point | a point at which a force no longer has the capability to continue its form of operations, offense or defense |
| Culminating in Stability Tasks | units being too dispersed to achieve security and units lacking required resources to achieve the end state |
| Operational Reach | a tether; it is a function of intelligence, protection, sustainment, endurance, and combat power relative to enemy forces |
| Endurance | the ability to employ combat power anywhere for protracted periods. It stems from the ability to organize, protect, and sustain a force, regardless of the distance from its base and the austerity of the environment |
| Momentum | comes from retaining operational initiative and executing high-tempo operations that overwhelm enemy resistance. Commanders control by maintaining focus and pressure |
| Base | a locality from which operations are projected/supported |
| Intermediate Staging Base | a tailorable, temporary location used for staging forces, sustainment and/or extraction into and out of an operational area |
| Forward Operating Base | an airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing full support facilities |
| Lodgment | a designated area in a hostile or potentially hostile operational area that, when seized and held, makes the continuous landing of troops and materiel possible and provides maneuver space for subsequent operations |
| Attack by Fire | Uses direct fires, supported by indirect fires, to engage an enemy without closing with him to destroy, suppress, fix, or deceive him. |
| Block | Denies the enemy access to an area or prevents his advance in a direction or along an avenue of approach. May also be an obstacle effect. |
| Breach | Employs all available means to break through or secure a passage through enemy defense, obstacle, minefield, or fortification. |
| Bypass | Directs a unit to maneuver around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain momentum while avoiding combat with an enemy force. |
| Canalize | Restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone by exploiting terrain coupled with the use of obstacles, fires, or friendly maneuver. |
| Clear | Remove all enemy forces and eliminate organized resistance in an assigned area. |
| Contain | Stop, hold, or surround an enemy or cause them to center their activity on a given front and prevent the withdrawing of any part of their forces. |
| Tactical Mission Task | A specific activity performed by a unit while executing a tactical operation or form of maneuver. The “what” in a mission statement. Describes the results/effects the commander wants to achieve. |
| Disengage | Break contact with the enemy to allow the conduct of another mission or to avoid decisive engagement. |
| Disrupt | Integrates direct and indirect fires, terrain, and obstacles to upset an enemy’s formation, tempo, timetable, or cause his forces to commit prematurely. |
| Exfiltrate | A commander removes Soldiers or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. |
| Fix | Prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location for a specific period of time. |
| Follow and Assume | A second committed force follows a force conducting an offensive operation and is prepared to continue the mission if the lead force is fixed, attritted, or unable to continue. |
| Follow and Support | A second committed force follows and supports a lead force conducting an offensive operation. |
| Interdict | Prevent, disrupt, or delay the enemy’s use of an area or route. |
| Isolate | Seal off, both physically and psychologically, an enemy from his sources of support, deny freedom of movement, and prevent enemy unit contact with other enemy forces. |
| Neutralize | Render enemy personnel or material incapable of interfering with a particular operation. |
| Occupy | Move into an area so that the force can control the entire area. Both movement to and occupation of the area occur without enemy opposition. |
| Reduce | The destruction of an encircled or bypassed enemy force.. |
| Retain | Ensure that a terrain feature already controlled by a friendly force remains free of enemy occupation or use. |
| Secure | Prevent a unit, facility, or geographical location from being damaged or destroyed as a result of enemy action. |
| Seize | Take possession of a designated area using overwhelming force. |
| Support by Fire | A maneuver force moves to a position where it can engage the enemy by direct fire in support of another maneuvering force. |
| Suppress | Temporary degradation of the performance of a force or weapon system below the level needed to accomplish its mission. |
| Turn | Forcing an enemy force from one avenue of approach or mobility corridor to another. |
| Science of Tactics | The understanding of those military aspects of tactics—capabilities, techniques, and procedures—that can be measured and codified. |
| Art of Tactics | The creative and flexible array of means to accomplish missions. Decision making under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and adaptive enemy. The understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers. |
| Position of Relative Advantage | a location or the establishment of a favorable condition within the area of operations that provides the commander with temporary freedom of action to enhance combat power over an enemy or influence the enemy to accept risk and move to a position of disadvantage. |
| Relative Physical Advantage | Maneuver. Mass. Firepower. Tempo. |
| Relative Mental Advantage | Deception. Surprise. Confusion. Shock. |
| Relative Moral Advantage | Moral Cohesion. |
| Tactics | the employment and ordered arrangement of forces in relation to each other. Not prescriptive! Requires judgment and adaptation to a situation's unique circumstances. |
| Engagement | a tactical conflict between opposing maneuver forces, usually brigade level and below; results from deliberate closure with or chance encounter between two forces; outcome determines tactical success and contributes to friendly forces winning a battle |
| Battle | a set of related engagements that last longer and involve larger forces than an engagement; can affect the course of the campaign or major operation; occurs when a division, corps, or army commander fights for one or more significant objectives; usually operationally significant or decisive; outcome determines strategic or operational success |
| Objective | the clearly defined, decisive, and attainable goal toward which every operation is directed |
| 5-Step Sequence for Off & Def | Gain & Maintain Contact. Disrupt the Enemy. Fix the Enemy. Maneuver. Follow Through. |
| Operations Process | describes the command and staff activities for developing and conducting operations. Plan-Prepare-Execute-Assess. |
| Operational Framework | cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly visualizing and describing the application of combat power in time, space, purpose, and resources in the concept of operations |
| Elements of Combat Power | Warfighting Functions + Information + Leadership |
| Operational Framework | Area of Operations. Deep-Close-Support. Decisive-Shaping-Sustaining. Main and Supporting Efforts. |
| Operations Process | CDRS use to drive conceptual and detailed planning necessary to understand the operational environment, visualize and describe the operation’s end state and operational approach; make and articulate decisions; and direct, lead, and assess military operations |
| CDR Activities in the OP | Understand. Visualize. Describe. Direct. |
| Understanding | fundamental to the commander’s ability to establish a situation’s context and make effective decisions |
| Operational Variables | Broad aspects of the OE (both military and nonmilitary) that may differ from one operational area to another |
| Operational Variables | Political. Military. Economic. Social. Information. Infrastructure. Physical Environment. Time. (PMESII-PT) |
| Mission Variables | Narrower focus on aspects of the OE that directly affect a mission. |
| Mission Variables | Leaders use to synthesize operational variables and tactical-level information with local knowledge about conditions relevant to their mission |
| Mission Variables | Mission. Enemy. Terrain and Weather. Troops and Support Available. Time Available. Civil Considerations. (METT-TC) |
| OAKOC (Physical Terrain) | Obstacles. Avenues of Approach. Key terrain. Observation & Fields of Fire. Cover & Concealment. |
| IPB (Enemy & Environment) | Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. Define OE. Describe Environmental Effects. Evaluate the Threat. Determine Threat COAs. |
| ASCOPE (Civil Considerations) | Areas. Structures. Capabilities. Organizations. People. Events. |
| Understanding | Knowledge that has been synthesized and had judgment applied to it to comprehend the situation‘s inner relationships. Commanders and staff process data to develop meaning. |
| Problem | an issue or obstacle that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal or objective |
| Problem Framing | involves identifying and understanding the issue or sets of issues that impede progress toward the desired end state. Involves understanding and isolating the root causes of conflict |
| Visualization | mental process of developing situational understanding, determining a desired end state, and envisioning an operational approach by which the force will achieve that end state |
| Describe | Shared understanding communicated with Initial commander’s intent, Planning guidance including an operational approach, Commander’s critical information requirements (CCIR), and Essential elements of friendly information (EEFI). |
| Key Tasks | those activities the force must perform as a whole to achieve the desired endstate |
| Endstate Description | the desired conditions of the friendly force in relationship to desired conditions of the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations |
| Commander's Intent | succinctly describes what constitutes success for the operation. It includes the operation’s expanded purpose, key tasks, and the conditions that define the endtstate |
| Planning Guidance | Guidance to the staff based upon the commander’s visualization for the development of orders. Conveys the commander’s operational approach and reflects how the commander see the operation unfolding. Describes when, where, and how a commander intends to employ combat power. |
| Planning Guidance | provides the basis for the concept of operations without dictating the specifics of the final plan. Allows the staff the latitude necessary to explore different options |
| CCIR | Commander's Critical Information Requirements. An information requirement identified by the commander as being critical to facilitating timely decision making (anticipated/likely decisions). |
| PIR | Priority Intelligence Requirements. Information requirements about the enemy or the operational environment. |
| FFIR | Friendly Force Information Requirements. Information requirements about the status of friendly force in relationship to the operation |
| CCIR | Focuses on actions that would cause the plan to become invalid or cause commander to decide to deviate from the plan. |
| Combat Power | the total means of destructive, constructive, and information capabilities that a military unit or formation can apply at a given time |
| Information | enables commanders at all levels to make informed decisions on how best to apply combat power |
| Warfighting Functions | provide intellectual organization for common critical capabilities |
| Running Estimate | assesses the current situation to determine if the current operation is proceeding according to the commander‘s intent and if future operations are supportable |
| Prepare | includes all the activities by the cdr, staff, unit, and soldiers to ensure the force is trained, equipped, and ready to execute operations |
| Prepare | Improve Situational Understanding. Secure & Protect the Force. Resource & Position Forces. Understand, Rehearse, & Refine Plan. Integrate, Organize, and Configure the Force. |
| Execute | translating the plan/decision into action to accomplish the mission |
| Execute | Main Integrated Tools. Integrating Cells (all WfF). Make Decisions. |
| Assess | the determination of progress toward accomplishing a task, creating an effect, or achieving an objective. It is continuous and essential to decision making |
| Assess | Continuous Observation of Conditions relevant to the Operation. Evaluation of Information. |
| Nested | Clearly understand his unique contribution to the DECISIVE OPERATION battalion’s success (directly or indirectly). Understand other SHAPING OPERATIONS. Understand link to Higher HQ Mission. |
| Contiguous AO | Subordinate unit AOs share boundaries; higher HQ allocates all of assigned AO to subordinate units |
| Noncontiguous AO | Subordinate units receive distinct AOs; higher HQ retains responsibility for unassigned AO |
| Area of Influence (AI) | area a commander is directly capable of influencing by maneuver or fire support systems; ideally, the AI encompasses the entire AO |
| Area of Interest (AoI) | area of concern to the commander, including the AI, areas adjacent to, and extending into enemy territory; also includes areas occupied by enemy forces which could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission |
| Deep Area | the portion of the commander’s AO not assigned to subordinate units. Generally extends beyond subordinate unit boundaries out to the limits of the commander’s designated AO. |
| Close Area | the portion of a commander’s AO assigned to subordinate maneuver forces. Commanders plan to conduct decisive operations using maneuver and fires in the area, and position most of the maneuver force within it. |
| Support Area | the portion of the commander’s AO designated to facilitate the positioning, employment, and protection of sustainment assets required to sustain, enable, and control operations. |
| Consolidation Area | the portion of the commander’s AO that is designated to facilitate the security and stability tasks necessary for freedom of action in the close area and to support the continuous consolidation of gains. |
| Decisive Operation (DO) | Directly accomplishes the mission and commander’s intent. Focal point around which commanders design an entire operation. |
| Shaping Operation (SO) | establishes conditions for the DO through effects on the enemy, other actors, and the terrain. May occur throughout the operational area and involve any combination of forces and capabilities. |
| Sustaining Operation | enables the DO or SO(s) by generating and maintaining combat power. |
| Main Effort (ME) | the designated subordinate unit whose mission at a given point in time is most critical to overall mission success. It is usually weighted with the preponderance of combat power. |
| Supporting Effort (SE) | designated subordinate unit with missions that support the success of the ME. Resourced with the minimum assets necessary to accomplish the mission. |
| Reconnaissance | Secure data concerning the meteorological |
| Security | Operations undertaken to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations. |
| Reconnaissance | Mission undertaken to obtain |
| Reconnaissance Pull | Determines which routes are suitable for maneuver |
| Reconnaissance Push | Refines the common operational picture |
| Security | Develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force. |
| Dismounted Reconnaissance | Most time-consuming method. Permits the most detailed information collection about the enemy |
| Security | Develop the situation to allow the commander to effectively use the protected force. |
| Mounted Reconnaissance | Enables a more rapid tempo, Should take advantage of standoff capabilities provided by surveillance and weapon systems to observe and engage from greater distances and or the speed associated with mounted movement. |
| Aerial Reconnaissance | Serves as a link between sensors and mounted or dismounted recon and used to cue other recon methods to specific areas to increase the overall tempo of the operation. Complex terrain |
| Reconnaissance by Fire | Recon elements place direct or indirect fire on positions where there is a reasonable suspicion of enemy occupation to cause the enemy to react by moving or returning fire and disclose their disposition or willingness to fight. |
| Mixing | Using two or more different assets to collect against the same intelligence requirement. This method increases the probability of collection and tends to provide information that is more complete |
| Redundancy | Using two or more like assets to collect against the same intel requirement. This method improves the chance the recon element collects the required info and provides depth should one element become compromised |
| Cueing | The integration of one or more types of recon or surveillance systems to provide information that directs follow-on collecting of more detailed information by another system |
| Route Reconnaissance | Directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route |
| Zone Reconnaissance | a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries |
| Area Reconnaissance | Focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or enemy activity a prescribed area |
| Reconnaissance in Force | A deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's strength |
| Special Reconnaissance | Conducted as a special operation in hostile |
| Screen | A security task that primarily provides early warning to the protected force |
| Guard | A security task to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Cannot operate independently. |
| Cover | A security task to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while also observing and reporting information and preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. Can operate independently. |
| Area Security | A security task conducted to protect friendly forces |
| Local Security | A security task that includes low-level security activities conducted near a unit to prevent surprise by the enemy |
| Screen | Missions are defensive in nature and are accomplished by establishing a series of observation posts and patrols to ensure observation of assigned the assigned sector. |
| Guard | Contains sufficient combat power to defeat |
| Cover | Brigade-level force-oriented mission to protect the division or corps main body from detection or engagement by the enemy |
| Continuous Reconnaissance | One of the fundamental tasks which security operations always performs. |
| Primary Offensive Tasks | Movement to Contact, Attack, Exploitation, and Pursuit |
| Movement to Contact | an offensive task designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact |
| Attack | an offensive operation (task) that destroys or defeats enemy forces |
| Hasty Attack | Immediate execution to take advantage of a new opportunity. Simple maneuver plan built from a foundation of SOPs |
| Deliberate Attack | Extensive reconnaissance conducted prior to the attack. Detailed planning and coordination. Increased synchronization of combat multipliers. |
| Ambush | an attack by fire or other destructive means from concealed positions on a moving or temporarily halted enemy. |
| Counterattack | an attack by part or all of a defending force against an enemy attacking force to regain ground lost or cut off or destroy enemy advance units |
| Feint | an offensive action involving contact with the adversary conducted for the purpose of deceiving the adversary as to the location and/or time of the actual main offensive action. |
| Demonstration | a show of force in an area where a decision is not sought that is made to deceive an adversary. no actual contact with the adversary is intended. |
| Raid | an operation to temporarily seize an area in order to secure information |
| Spoiling Attack | a tactical maneuver employed to seriously impair a hostile attack while the enemy is in the process of forming or assembling for an attack |
| Exploitation | an offensive operation (task) that usually follows the conduct of a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. |
| Pursuit | an offensive operation (task) designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape |
| Envelopment | a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to avoid the principal enemy defenses by seizing objective behind those defenses that allow the targeted enemy force to be destroyed in their current position. |
| Turning Movement | a form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to avoid the enemy's principle defensive positions by seizing objective behind the enemy's current positions thereby causing the enemy force to move out of their current positions or divert major forces to meet the threat. |
| Frontal Assault | a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to destroy a weaker enemy force or fix a larger enemy force in place over a broad front. |
| Penetration | a form of maneuver in which an attacking force seeks to rupture enemy defenses on a narrow front to disrupt the defensive system. |
| Infiltration | a form of maneuver in which an attacking force conducts undetected movement through or into an area occupied by enemy forces to occupy a position of advantage in the enemy rear while exposing only small elements to enemy defensive fires. |
| Disruption Zone | Battlespace in which the OPFOR seeks to cause continuing harm to the enemy without significantly exposing itself. |
| Battle Zone | Battlespace in which the OPFOR seeks to fix and/or destroy enemy forces through fire and maneuver. |
| Support Zone | Battlespace designed to be relatively free of enemy action to permit effective logistic and administrative support. |
| Attack Zone | Assigned zone of action for an attacking force. |
| Kill Zone | Designated area on the battlefield where the OPFOR plans to destroy a key enemy target. |
| Support Line | Line that separates the support zone from the battle zone. |
| Limit of Responsibility | Boundary of an OPFOR organizations' area of responsibility. |
| Battle Line | Limit of the area in which the OPFOR expects to fight a close battle. Place where the OPFOR expects to fight a close battle. Separates the battle zone from the disruption zone. |
| OPFOR Purposes of Tactical Missions | 1.Gain freedom of movement 2. Restrict freedom of movement 3. Gain control of key terrain, personnel or equipment 4. Gain information 5. Dislocate 6. Disrupt |
Created by:
SG19D