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A&P Learning Link 16
A&P Link 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the three functions of the lymphatic system | fluid balance, protection from infection, and absorption of fats |
| What is lymph? | The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system. Lymph is a clear fluid similar in composition to interstital fluid. |
| What kind of cappillaries located in the lining of the small intestine absorb digested fats? | specialized lymphatic cappillaries/lacteals |
| What tern is used to describe lymphatic vessels that are located immediately below the skin? | superficial |
| What are lymph nodes? | Small masses of lymphatic tissue that filter the lymph |
| Nearly all the lymph from the upper extremity and the breast passes through which lymph nodes? | axillary lymph nodes |
| the right lymphatic duct recieves lymph from what part of the body? | Superior right quadrant |
| What parts of the body does the thoracic duct receive lymph from? | All parts of the body except those superior to the diaphragm on the right side |
| What is the cisterna chyli? | First part of the thoracic duct, which is enlarged to form a cistern or temporary storage pouch |
| What is the purpose of valves in the lymphatic vessels? | Valves contract rhythmically, propelling the lymph forward |
| What is the term for the indented area on a lymph node that is the exit point for lymphatic vessels carrying lymph out of the node? | hilum |
| The hilum, trabecula, and subcapsular sinus are all located in what? | lymph nodes |
| Both the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct empty into what veins? | subclavian vein |
| Where are the cervical lymph nodes located? | In the neck in deep and superficial groups |
| The right mammary vessels drain ito which duct? | right lymphatic duct |
| the right femoral vessels drain into which duct? | thoracic duct |
| where are the popliteal nodes found? | knee |
| four functions of the spleen? | cleansing the blood of impurities, destroying old worn-out red blood cells, producing red blood cells before birth, and serving as threservoir for blood |
| what is the surgical removal of the spleen termed? | splenectomy |
| Where do T cells develop? | thymus |
| Where are palatine tonsils located? | At each side of the soft palate |
| What is the common name for the pharyngeal tonsil? | adenoids |
| Where are the lingual tonsils located? | at the back of the tongue |
| what are characteristics of lymphatic vessels? | they arise blindly, they are thin-walled, they can contract to propel forward |
| what is the reticuloendothelial system resposible for? | The destruction of worn-out blood cells, bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign substances that are potientally harmful to the body |
| Kupffer cells are found in which organ? | liver |
| lymphangitis? | Inflammation of lymphatic vessels |
| lymphadentitis? | inflammation of the lymph nodes |
| lymphadenopathy? | disease of the lymph nodes |
| elephantiasis? | A great enlargement of the lower extremities resulting from lymphatic vessel blockage by small worms called filariae |
| What is the name for a chronic malignant disease of lymphoid tissue? | Hodgkin Disease |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is differentiated from Hodgkin disease by the absence of what type of cells on biopsy? | Reed-Sternberg cells |
| Virulence? | The power of an organism to produce disease |
| Predisposition? | An individual's condition, as influenced by general physical and emotional health, nutrition, and living habits |
| Are natural killer cells active in specific or nonspecific immunity? | nonspecific immunity |
| What are the four classic symptoms of an inflammatory reaction? | Heat, redness, swelling, and pain |
| What is the function of histamine | When tissues are injured, histamine and other substances are released from the damaged cells, causing the small blood vessels to dilate. More blood then flows into the area, resulting in heat, redness and swelling |
| What is inflammatory exudates? | Mixture of leukocytes and fluid |
| What is species immunity> | Although certain diseases found in animals may be transmitted to humans, many infections, such as chicken cholera, hog cholera, distemper, and other animal diseases, do not affect human beings |
| A type of immunity involving an injection would be considered naturally or artificially acquired? | artificially acquired |
| antigen? | any foreign substance that enters the body and induces an immune response |
| what does it mean for a T cell to become sensitized? | While in the thymus, T lymphocytes multiply and become capable of combining with specific foreign antigens, at which time they are described as sensitized |
| What are the four different types of T cells? | Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Regulatory T cells, and Memory T cells |
| What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells? | destroy foreign cells directly |
| What is the function of Helper T cells? | Release substances known as interleukins that stimulate other lymphocytes and macrophages and there by assist in the destruction of foreign cells. the HIV targeted T cells have a special surface receptor to which the virus attaches |
| what is the function of Regulatory T cells? | Suppress the immune response in order to prevent overactivity |
| What is the function of Memory T cells? | Remember an antigen and start a rapid response if that antigen is contacted again |
| Macrophages are phagocytic white blood cells derived from what type of cells? | monocytes |
| Macrophages participate in whaat> | phagocytosis, immunity and antigen presentation |
| What is an antibody? | A substance produced in response to an antigen |
| What is another name for antibody? | immunoglobulin |
| Exposure to an antigen stimulates B cells to become what type of cells? | plasma cells |
| What type of cells produce antibodies? | plasma cells |
| All antibodies are aontained in a portion of the blood plasma called? | Gamma Globulin |
| Some activated B cells do not become plasma cells, but become what type of cells instead? | memory cells |
| What is a complement? | The destruction of foreign cells sometime requires the enzymatic activity of a group of nonspecific proteins in the blood, together called complement |
| What are four functions of complements? | coats foreign cells to help phagocytes recognize and engulf them, Destroys cells by forming complexes that punch holes in plasma membranes, promotes inflammation by increasingcapillary permeabiltiy, attracts phagocytes to an area of inflammation |
| What ype of immunity is acquired when a mother passes antibodies to her fetus? | Passice naturally acquired immunity |
| A vaccine is what type of immunity? | active artificially acquired immunity |
| What does it mean when an organism is attenuated? | it is weakened |
| Vaccines can contain toxins that are altered with heat or chemicals to reduce their harmfulness. what is this type of altered toxin called? | Toxoid |
| What does the MMR vaccine protect against/ | measles, mumps, and rubella |
| What ype of immunity does an immune serum or antiserum give? | Passive artificially acquired immunity |
| what is serum sickness? | When the foreign preoteins in animal sera cause an often serious sensitivity reaction |
| an immune serum can contain what? | antibodies, antivenins and antitoxins |
| What is an allergy? | A tendency to react unfavorably to certain substances that are normally harmless to most people |
| Allergens are antigens that are composed of what? | protein |
| What is the common name for urticaria? | hives |
| what is autoimmunity? | An abnormal reactivity to one's own tissues |
| what virus is AIDS caused by? | HIV |
| What is multiple myeloma? | A cancer of the blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, msinly the plasma cells that produce antibodies. |
| What is immunothereapy? | A way to treat disease by stimulating the patient's immune system |
| What is the term for the natural tendency of every organism to destroy foreign substances, such as occurs sometimes in transplantation | rejection syndrome |
| The power of the organism to overcome its host's defenses is called? | virulence |
| Heat, redness, swelling, and pain are classic signs of? | inflammation |
| Any foreign substance that enters the body and induces an immune response is called? | antigen |
| All antibodies are contained in a portion of the blood plasma termed? | the gamma globulin fraction |
| Substances capable of inducing a hypersensitivity reaction are called? | allergens |
| Destroy foreign cells directly? | cytotoxic T cells |
| release interleukens, which stimulate other cells to join the immune response? | helper T cells |
| Suppress the immune response in order to prevent overactivity? | Regulatory T cells |
| Remember an antigen and start a rapid response if the antigen is contacted agian? | Memory T cells |
| Manufacture antibodies when activated by antigens? | B cells |
| All of the following are part of this first line of defense against invaders except?tears saliva neutrophils, skin | neutrophils |
| Damaged cells release a vasodilator substance called? | histamine |
| Which of the following cells mature in the thymus? T cell B cell plasma cell natural killer cell | T cell |
| Sensitivity to animal-derieved immune serum may lead to a serious condition called? | serum sickness |
| An abnormal reactivity to one's own tissues is called? | autoimmunity |
| tox | poison |
| erg | work |
| ana- | excessive |
| myel/o | marrow |
| The fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system is called? | lymph |
| Digested fats enter the lymphatic circulation through vessels called? | lacteals |
| Fat globules and lymph combine to form a milky fluid called? | chyle |
| Surgical removal of the spleen? | splenectomy |
| when filariae block lymphatic vessels they cause the disease called? | elephantiasis |
| Inflammtion of lymphatic vessels? | lymphangitis |
| inflammtion of the lymph nodes? | lymphadenitis |
| Fluid retention due to obstruction of lymph vessels? | lymphedema |
| Tumor that occurs in lymphoid tissue? | lymphoma |
| Compared to plasma, lymph contains much less? | protein |
| Lymph from the lower extremities returns to cardiovascular system via the? | thoracic duct |
| Macrophages and monocytes found throughout the body make up? | reticuloendothelial system |
| the hallmark clinical sign of infectious mononucleosis is? | lymphadenopathy |
| -oid | like, resembling |
| aden/o | gland |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| -pathy | any disease |
| -megaly | excessive enlargement |
| lymphangitis | inflammtion of lymphatic vessels |
| lymphadenitis | inflammtion of lymph nodes |
| infectious mononucleosis? | Acute viral infection associated with enlargement of the lymph nodes |
| Hodgkin disease? | chronic malignant disease of lymphoid tissue |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma? | more common. Appears in mostly older adults and patients with deficient immune systems. enlargement of the lymph nodes, especially in the cervical region. |
| Autoimmunity? | abnormal reactivity to one's own tissues |
| multiple myeloma? | a cancer of the blood-forming cells in bone marrow, mainly the plasma cells that produce antibodies |
| People with AIDS have damaged immune systems and are unable to fight off? | opportunistic infections |
| Eventually people with AIDS die from? | opportunistic infections or cancer |
| AIDS is caused by? | HIV |
| HIV exists in the body for years, destroying? | immune cells resulting in the symptoms of AIDS |
| What is the virus that causes AIDS called? | HIV |
| The three known ways to transmit AIDS are? | sexual intercourse, blood to blood contact, and mother to child |
| When HIV is transmitted, it ends up in the ? | bloodstream |
| The specialized type of white blood cells that protects against infection and disease is? | helper T cell, which is where the HIV attaches itself |
| When the HIV releases RNA into a helper T cell, it changes to? | DNA and combines with the genetic material of the cell |
| The result of this gentic combination ? the helper T cell forever. Instead of fighting disease, its purpose is now to make more? | changes, HIV |
| The ? period is a period of several years where the HIV seems to be inactive | latent |
| This period ends as more and more helper T cells become ? and ?. Symptoms of AIDS then take hold. | infected and die |
Created by:
BreannaC