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FF 1 Chapter 5
Fire Behavioir
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following BEST describes how understanding the physical science of fire can help firefighters A. It keeps radiant heat from igniting fuel. B. It keeps flaming combustion from beginning. C. It translates into practical knowledge of fire b | C. It translates into practical knowledge of fire behavior |
| 150. Which of the following terms refers to a substance remaining chemically the same, but changing in size, shape or appearance? A. Chemical shift B. Physical change C. Chemical reaction D. Parallel alteration | B. Physical change |
| 151. When a substance changes from one type of matter to another, it has had a: A. chemical shift. B. physical change. C. chemical reaction. D. physical alteration. | C. chemical reaction. |
| 152. Which of the following represents the amount of energy that an object can release in the future? A. Kinetic B. Thermal C. Potential D. Mechanical | C. Potential |
| 153. The energy possessed by a moving object is called: A. kinetic energy. B. thermal energy. C. potential energy. D. mechanical energy. | Kinetic Energy |
| 154. The potential chemical energy of fuel in fire behavior is converted to: A. sound energy. B. thermal energy. C. electrical energy. D. mechanical energy. | Thermal energy |
| 155. What type of reaction absorbs energy as it occurs? A. Kinetic B. Potential C. Exothermic D. Endothermic | Endothermic Reaction |
| 156. What type of reaction releases energy in the form of heat and sometimes light? A. Kinetic B. Potential C. Exothermic D. Endothermic | C. Exothermic |
| 157. The process of ignition causes pyrolysis in solid fuels and ___ in liquid fuels. A. melting B. freezing C. vaporization D. kinetic reaction | Vaporization |
| 158. What is the most common form of ignition? A. Piloted B. Exothermic C. Endothermic D. Autoignition | Piloted Ignition |
| 159. What mode of combustion produces a smoldering glow in a material’s surface? A. Kinetic B. Flaming C. Potential D. Nonflaming | Non flaming combustion |
| 160. In what mode of combustion is a visible flame produced? A. Kinetic B. Flaming C. Potential D. Nonflaming | Flaming combustion |
| 161. What are the elements necessary to create fire in the model represented by the fire triangle? A. Fuel, oxygen, heat B. Heat, fuel, ignition C. Passive agents and heat D. Oxygen and passive agents | Fuel, O2, Heat |
| 162. describe what the fire tetrahedron represents? A. A transfer of sound energy B. The process of autoignition C. An uninhibited chemical chain reaction D. The relationship between fuel, oxygen, heat | The 4 components necessary for the existence of fire; Chemical chain reaction by Reducing agent , oxidizing agent, and heat |
| 163. What type of combustion occurs when burning is localized on or near a fuel’s surface? A. Flaming B. Exothermic C. Nonflaming D. Endothermic | Nonflaming |
| 164. What product of combustion may heat adjacent fuels, making them susceptible to ignition? A. Toxic smoke B. Thermal energy C. Hydrogen cyanide D. Carbon monoxide | Thermal Energy |
| 165. What product of combustion causes the most fire deaths? A. Toxic smoke B. Thermal energy C. Carbon dioxide D. Hydrogen cyanide | Smoke; Product of incomplete combustion |
| 166. What product of combustion is the most common product in structure fires? A. Toxic smoke B. Thermal energy C. Hydrogen cyanide D. Carbon monoxide | Carbon Monoxide |
| Which of the following BEST describes why firefighters must use SCBA during overhaul? A. Smoke is not like other flammable gases; it will not burn or explode. B. Hazardous concentrations of smoke are only present outside the structure. The respirator | The respiratory hazards of combustion are not yet eliminated. |
| Which of the following BEST describes kinetic energy transfer A. It does not move at all. B. It moves from one substance to another, no matter what the temperature. C. It moves from low-temperature to high-temperature substances. D. It moves from hi | Heat/thermal energy |
| 169. What source of thermal energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions? A. Radiant energy B. Electrical energy C. Chemical energy D. Mechanical energy | Chemical Energy |
| 170. Which of the following sources of energy is a form of oxidation? A. Sparking B. Self-heating C. Resistance heating D. Spontaneous ignition | B. Self-heating/fuel and O2 |
| 171. What method of electrical energy occurs when a high-temperature luminous discharge crosses a gap? A. Arcing B. Sparking C. Overcurrent D. Resistance heating | A. Arcing |
| 172. What method of heat transfer occurs when a material is heated as the result of direct contact with a heat source? A. Potential B. Radiation C. Conduction D. Convection | C. Conduction |
| 173. What heat transfer method usually occurs through movement of hot smoke and fire gases? A. Potential B. Radiation C. Conduction D. Convection | D. Convection |
| 174. What method of heat transfer can become the dominant mode as the fire grows in size? A. Potential B. Radiation C. Conduction D. Convection | B. Radiation |
| Which of the following BEST describes the influence of exposed surfaces on radiant heat? A. Creating a vacuum will stop radiant heat. B. Materials that reflect radiated energy help increase radiant heat. C. Dark materials emit and absorb heat more e | C. Dark materials emit and absorb heat more effectively than light materials. |
| 176. Which type of fuel does not contain carbon? A. Simple B. Organic C. Reactive D. Inorganic | D. Inorganic |
| 177. Which of the following terms is the total amount of energy released when a specific amount of fuel is burned? A. Thermal energy B. Chemical energy C. Heat release rate D. Heat of combustion | D. Heat of combustion |
| 178. Heat release rate is usually expressed in which of the following measurements? A. Kilowatts (kW) B. Kilojoules/gram (kJ/g) C. British thermal unit (Btu) D. Kilowatts per meter squared (kW/m2) | A. Kilowatts (kW) |
| 179. What type of fuel can be the most dangerous of all the types? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gaseous D. Chemical | C. Gaseous |
| 180. What type of fuel has mass and volume but no definite shape? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gaseous D. Chemical | B. Liquid |
| 181. Liquids with a specific gravity of less than 1 will: A. turn into vapor. B. turn into solid. C. float on the surface. D. sink below the surface. | C. float on the surface. |
| Which of the following BEST describes what vapor pressure indicates? A. How easily a substance will evaporate B. How long it takes a substance to evaporate C. What form the substance will take in a container D. What direction a substance will take w | A. How easily a substance will evaporate |
| 183. Which of the following terms is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite, but still not sustain combustion? A. Fire point B. Flash point C. Vapor point D. Pressure point | B. Flash point |
| 184. What term is used to describe the extent to which a substance will mix with water? A. Solubility B. Mixability C. Volatility D. Reactivity | A. Solubility |
| 185. What type of fuel has a definite size and shape? A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gaseous D. Chemical | A. Solid |
| 186. Which of the following terms is used to refer to the process that can generate sufficient quantities of burnable vapors to ignite in the presence of a sufficient oxidize r? A. Pyrolysis B. Fire point C. Flash point D. Vapor pressure | A. Pyrolysis |
| 187. Fuel particles become smaller as the ratio of surface-to-mass: A. increases. B. decreases. C. stays constant. D. fluctuates back and forth. | A. increases. |
| 188. The primary oxidizing agent in most fires is: A. carbon. B. oxygen. C. nitrogen. D. hydrogen. | B. oxygen. |
| Which of the following BEST describes the impact of higher oxygen concentration on combustion? A. Materials burn more intensely. B. Fires may be easier to extinguish. C. Nonflaming combustion is extinguished. D. Materials that do not burn at normal | A. Materials burn more intensely. |
| 190. What term defines the minimum concentration of fuel vapor and air that supports combustion? A. Vaporization B. Vapor pressure C. Lower flammable limit D. Upper flammable limit | C. Lower flammable limit |
| 191. Which of the following BEST describes the complete oxidation of methane? A. It produces water. B. It produces carbon dioxide. C. It produces oxygen and water. D. It produces carbon dioxide and water. | D. It produces carbon dioxide and water. |
| 192. Which of the following BEST describes the impact of an extinguishing agent when trying to extinguish flaming combustion? A. It forms an unstable product. B. It speeds the combustion reaction. C. It interferes with the chemical reaction. D. It | C. It interferes with the chemical reaction. |
| 193. Which of the following fire development factors affects heat release rate? A. Fuel type B. Ventilation C. Compartment volume and ceiling height D. Availability and location of additional fuel | A. Fuel type |
| 194. What fire development factor is based on considering how the volume of air will impact radiated heat in a fire? A. Fuel type B. Ambient conditions C. Compartment volume and ceiling height D. Availability and location of additional fuel | C. Compartment volume and ceiling height |
| 195. What form of compartment fire is controlled by the availability of oxygen and the configuration of fuel? A. Uncontrolled B. Fuel-controlled C. Base controlled D. Ventilation-controlled | D. Ventilation-controlled |
| 196. What thermal property of a compartment contains heat within the compartment, causing localized increase in temperature? A. Insulation B. Rete tion C. Passive agents D. Heat reflectivity | A. Insulation |
| What fire development factor includes cold temperature, strong winds, and wind direction? A. Fuel type B. Ambient conditions C. Compartment volume and ceiling height D. Availability and location of additional fuel | B. Ambient conditions |
| 198. In what stage is fire development largely dependent on the characteristics and configuration of the fuel involved? A. Incipient B. Growth C. Fully Developed D. Decay | A. Incipient |
| 199. Which of the following affects the amount of air entrained in the plume during the growth stage? A. Type of fuel B. Thermal layering C. Location of ignition D. Location of fuel package | D. Location of fuel package |
| 200. Which of the following is defined as the tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature? A. Type of fuel B. Thermal layering C. Location of ignition D. Location of fuel package | B. Thermal layering |
| 201. The neutral plane in the growth stage is the: A. beginning of rapid transition layers. B. point where thermal layering begins. C. opening in the hot and cool layers. D. interface of hot and cool layers at an opening. | D. interface of hot and cool layers at an opening. |
| Isolated flames in the gas layer during the growth stage indicates: A. hot and cool gases are mixing together. B. the temperature is only slightly above ambient. D. that portions of the layer are within flammable range. | D. that portions of the layer are within flammable range. |
| 203. What stage of fire development occurs when all the combustible materials in a compartment are burning? A. Incipient B. Growth C. Fully Developed D. Decay | C. Fully Developed |
| 204. What fire stage occurs as the fuel is consumed and oxygen concentration falls? A. Incipient B. Growth C. Fully Developed D. Decay | D. Decay |
| 205. What type of rapid fire development happens when all the combustible materials and gases in a compartment ignite almost simultaneously? A. Backdraft B. Flashover C. Combustion D. Smoke explosion | B. Flashover |
| 206. What common element of flashover represents the shift from growth stage to fully developed stage? A. Rapidity B. Compartment C. Transition in fire development D. Ignition of all exposed surfaces | C. Transition in fire development |
| 207. Which of the following is a heat indicator of a possible flashover? A. Darkening smoke B. Darkened windows C. Bi-directional movement in smoke D. High velocity and turbulent air flow | B. Darkened windows |
| 208. The ignition of unburned fire gases at the top of the compartment is known as: A. rollover. B. flashover. C. combustion. D. smoke explosion. | A. rollover. |
| 209. What aspect of fire development is a result of an increase in low-level ventilation prior to upper level ventilation? A. Rollover B. Backdraft C. Combustion D. Smoke explosion | B. Backdraft |
| 210. Which of the following is a building indicator for a possible backdraft? A. Optically dense smoke B. Little or no visible flame C. Turbulent smoke discharge D. Fire confined to a void space | D. Fire confined to a void space |
| 211. Which of the following is a heat indicator for a possible backdraft? A. Smoke stained windows B. Turbulent smoke discharge C. Fire confined to a void space D. Contents with high heat release rate | A. Smoke stained windows |
| 212. What type of rapid fire development occurs as unburned fuel gases contact an ignition source? A. Rollover B. Backdraft C. Combustion D. Smoke explosion | D. Smoke explosion |
| 213. What is the most common method used in fire fighting operations? A. Fuel removal B. Oxygen exclusion C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | C. Temperature reduction |
| 214. Water is converted to steam at: A. 190oF (88 oC). B. 212oF (100oC). C. 230oF (110 oC). D. 300oF (149 oC). | B. 212oF (100oC). |
| 215. What method of fire suppression is the simplest? A. Fuel removal B. Oxygen exclusion C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | A. Fuel removal |
| 216. What fire-suppression method does not work if fuel is self-oxidixing? A. Fuel removal B. Oxygen exclusion C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | B. Oxygen exclusion |
| 217. What suppression method uses extinguishing agents to stop flame production? A. Ventilation B. Oxygen exclusion C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | D. Chemical flame inhibition |
| 218. What fire behavior can be the result of wind from outside the structure? A. Oxygen exclusion B. Unplanned ventilation C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | B. Unplanned ventilation |
| 5. Which of the following is not actively part of the combustion reaction represented by the fire tetrahedron? (212) A. Fuel B. Heat C. Oxygen D. Passive agents | D. Passive agents |
| 6. What is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions? (217) A. Radiant energy B. Electrical energy C. Chemical energy D. Mechanical energy | C. Chemical energy |
| Which of the following BEST describes how understanding heat transfer can help firefighters? A. It can help estimate the size of a fire after attack. B. It can help estimate the size of a fire before attack. C. It allows firefighters to look for ra | B. It can help estimate the size of a fire before attack. |
| Sufficient heat during flaming combustion causes fuel and oxygen to form A. free radicals and initiates a reaction. B. stable product and initiates a reaction. C. free radicals and interferes with a reaction. D. stable product and interferes with a | A. free radicals and initiates a reaction. |
| 9. What fire behavior is the result of an increase in low-level ventilation prior to upper level ventilation? (248-249) A. Rollover B. Flashover C. Backdraft D. Smoke explosion | C. Backdraft |
| 10. Which of the following is the most commonly used fire-suppression method? (250) A. Fuel removal B. Oxygen exclusion C. Temperature reduction D. Chemical flame inhibition | C. Temperature reduction |
| 11. What are the main differences between the two types of ignition? (210-212) | Piloted ignition occurs when a mixture of fuel and O2 encounter an externsl heat source with enough thermal energy to start combustion. Autoignition is the initiation of of combustion by heat w/o a spark or flame. |
| 12. What are the three physical states of fuel? (225) | Liquid, gas, solid |
| 13. What are five of the factors that affect fire development? (234-235) | - Fuel type - availability and location of additional fuels - compartment volume and ceiling type - Ventilation - thermal properties of the compartment - ambient conditions - Fuel load |
| 14. List the stages of fire development (not including rapid fire behavior). (234) | - Incipient - Growth - Fully developed - Decay |
| Combustion | Chemical process of oxidation at a rate fast enough to produce heat and light |
| Fire | A rapid oxidation process/chemical reaction resulting in light and heat |
| Heat | A form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating and supporting chemical changes of state |
| Temperature | Measure of a materials ability to transfer heat to other objects |
| Fuel | A material that will maintain combustion under specified environmental conditions |
| Oxidizer | Any material that readily yields o2 or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion of a combustible materials |
| Energy | Capacity to perform work; Force to object over distance, chemical, biological, or physical transformation is made in a substance |
| Potential Energy | Stored energy in an object |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy possessed by a body because of its motion |
| Joules | Unit of heat; The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celsius |
| Pyrolysis | The chemical decomposition of a solid material |
| Vaporization | Physical process of changing liquid into gas |
| Ignition | Process of initiating self sustained combustion |
| Piloted Ignition | when the mixture of fuel and O2 meet and external heat source(ignition) to start combustion |
| AutoIgnition | initiation of combustion by heat but w/o a spark or flame |
| AutoIgnition Temperature | Lowest temp at which a combustible material ignites in air w/o a spark or flame |
| Fire Triangle | Oxygen-Fuel-Heat |
| Fire Tetrahedron | 4 elements required for fire (Oxygen-Fuel-Heat-self sustaining chemical reaction chain) |
| Passive Agent | Materials that absorb heat but do not combust |
| Products of combustion | MATERIALS PRODUCED AND RELEASED DURING COMBUSTION |
| Carbon Monoxide (CO) | colorless, odorless, gas. toxic & flammable. formed by the incomplete combustion of carbon. decreases the bloods ability to carry O2 |
| Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) | Colorless toxic and flammable liquid iuntil reaches 79F then to gas. Produced by the combustion of nitrogen bearing substances. |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | Colorless odorless inert heavier than air gas |
| Thermal Energy | The kinetic energy associated w/ the random motions of the molecules of a material or object |
| Self heating | The result of exothermic rations, occurring spontaneously in some materials under certain conditions, generating heat |
| Spontaneous ignition | initiation of combination of material by an internal chemical or biological reaction sufficient to ignition material |
| Heat Flux | The measure of the heat rate transferred to a surface. |
| Conduction | Transfer of heat through or between solids that are in direct contact |
| Convection | Heat transferred within a median such as a gas or liquid |
| Radiation | Heat transferred by way of electromagnetic energy |
| Flow Path | Composed of at least one inlet and one exhaust and the connecting volume between the openings. the direction of flow is determined by pressure. heat and smoke in high pressure will flow to low pressure |
| Upper Layer | Buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by a fire in a compartment |
| Reducing Agent | The fuel that is being burned or oxidized during combustion |
| BTU | British Thermal Units (measurement of heat); the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one 1 pound of water |
| Heat of Combustion | Total amount of thermal energy (heat) that could be generated by combustion (oxidation) |
| Heat Release Rate (HRR)` | Total amount of heat released per unit time. |
| Watt | A unit of measure of power or rate of work = 1 joule/second |
| Vapor Density | Weight of a given volume of pure vapor compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure |
| Specific Gravity | Weight (mass) of a substance compared to the mass of an equal volume of water at a given temperature. |
| Flammable liquid | ANY LIQUID HAVING A FLASH POINT 100F AND A VAPOR PRESSURE NOT EXCEEDING 40PSI |
| Vapor pressure | 1) measure of the tendency of a substance to evaporate 2) the pressure at which a vapor is in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given temperature |
| Flash POINT | Minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off vapors to form an ignitable mixture w/ air near the liquids surface. |
| Fire POINT | Temperature when a liquid fuel produces enough vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited. (must exceed 5 secs of burning, Firepoint usually hotter than flashpoint |
| Miscible | Materials that are capable of being mixed in all proportions |
| Hydrocarbon fuel` | Petro based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon |
| Polar Solvents | Flammable liquids that have an attraction for water(ex, alcohol, ketone,lacquer |
| Combustible Liquid | LIQUID HAVE A FLASH POINT ABOVE 100F AND BELOW 200F |
| Flammable (explosive) Range | The range between the upper flammable limit and the lower flammable limit in which a substance can be ignited |
| Upper flammable limit (explosive) (UFL) | upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite ( above this its too rich to ignite) |
| Lower flammable limit (explosive) (LFL) | The lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite (lower this limit gas/vapor too thin/lean) |
| Free Radicals | molecular fragments that are highly reactive |
| Chemical Flame Inhibition | Extinguishment of fire by the disruption of the chemical chain reaction. |
| Fuel-Controlled | A fire w/ adequate O2 in which the heat release rate and growth rate are determined by the characteristics of the fuel, such as quantity and geometry |
| Ventilation Controlled | A fire W/ limited ventilation in which heat release rate or growth is limited by the amount of O2 available to the fire. |
| Ambient Conditions | Common Prevailing and uncontrolled atmospheric weather conditions, (refer to outside the structure) |
| Fuel Load | The total Quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, or fire area. |
| Incipient Stage | First stage of the burning process in a compartment in which the substance being oxidized is producing some heat, but the heat has not spread to other substances nearby. |
| Plume | The column or hot gases flames and smoke rising above a fire. (convection column, thermal updraft, or thermal column) |
| Ceiling Jet | A relatively thin layer of flowing hot gases that developed under a horizontal surface |
| Thermal Layering | Outcome of combustion in a confined space in which gases tend to form layers, according to temperature ( hottest gasses ceiling, coolest gases floor) |
| Neutral Plane | The level at a compartment opening where the difference in pressure exerted by expansion and buoyancy of hot smoke flowing out of the opening and the inward pressure of cooler ambient temperature air flowing in through the opening is equal. |
| Flashover | A rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage. |
| Rollover | A condition where the unburned fire gases that have accumulated at the top of a compartment ignite and flames propagate through the hot-gas layer or across the ceiling |
| Backdraft | The explosive burning of heated gases that occurs when o2 is introduced into a compartment that has a high concentration of flammable gases and a depleted supply of o2 due to an existing fire. |
| Smoke Explosion | Form of fire gas ignition the ignition of accumulation flammable products of combustion and air that are within their flammable range. |
| Tactical Ventilation | Planned systematic, and coordinated removal of heated air, smoke, gases, or other airborne contaminants from a structure. |
Created by:
Toddgfunk