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Microbiology Ch. 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| AB toxin | bacterial exotoxins consisting of two polypeptides |
| Adherence | attachment of a microbe or phagocyte to another’s plasma membrane or other surface |
| Adhesin | a carbohydrate specific binding protein that projects from prokaryotic cells used for adherence, also called a ligand |
| Aflatoxin | a carcinogenic toxin produced by Aspergillus flavus |
| Amanitin | a polypeptide mushroom toxin that causes liver and nerve damage |
| Antigenic variation | changes in the surface antigens that occur in a microbial population |
| Antitoxin | a specific antibody produced by the body in response to a bacterial Exotoxin or its toxoid |
| Coagulase | a bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot |
| Collagenase | an enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen |
| Contact inhibition | the cessation of animal cell movement and division as a result of contact with other cells |
| Cytopathic effect (CPE) | a visible effect on a host cell caused by a virus, that may result in host cell damage or death |
| Cytotoxin | a bacterial toxin that kills host cells or alters their function |
| Endotoxic shock | loss of blood pressure caused by the endotoxin component of a gram negative cell wall |
| Endotoxin | part of the outer portion of the cell (lipid A) of most gram negative bacteria, released on destruction of the cell |
| Enterotoxin | an exotoxin that causes gastroenteritis, such as those produced by Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Escherichia |
| Ergot | a toxin produced in Sclerotia by the fungus Claviceps purpura that causes ergotism |
| Exotoxin | a protein toxin released from living, mostly gram positive bacterial cells |
| Fibrinolysin | a kinase produced by streptococci |
| Hemolysin | an enzyme that lyses read blood cells |
| Hyaluronidase | an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and helps spread microbes from their initial sit of infection |
| ID 50 | the number of microbes required to produce a demonstrable infection in 50% of the test host population |
| Inclusion body | a granule or viral particle in the cytoplasm or nucleus of some infected cells, important in the identification of viruses that cause infection |
| Interferon | an antiviral protein produced by certain animal cells in response to a viral infection |
| Interleukin | a chemical that causes T |
| Invasin | a surface protein produced by Salmonella typi and E. coli that rearranges nearby actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of a host cell |
| Kinase | 1.enzyme that removes a phosphate from ATP and attaches to another molecule; 2. bacterial enzyme that breaks down fibrin (blood clots) |
| LD 50 | the lethal dose for 50% of the inoculated hosts with in a given period |
| Leukocidins | substances produced by some bacteria that can destroy neutrophils and macrophages |
| Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay | a test to detect presence of bacterial endotoxins |
| Lipid A | a component of gram negative outer membrane, also called endotoxin |
| Lysogenic conversion | the acquisition of new properties by a host cell infected by a lysogenic phage |
| M protein | a heat and acid resistant protein of streptococcal cell walls and fibrils |
| Mycotoxin | a toxin produced by a fungus |
| Neurotoxin | an Exotoxin that interferes with normal nerve impulse conduction |
| Opa | a bacterial outer membrane protein, cells with opa form opaque colonies |
| Parenteral route | a portal of entry for pathogens by deposition directly into tissues beneath the skin and mucous membranes |
| Pathogenicity | the ability of a microbe to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of a host |
| Portal of entry | the avenue by which a pathogen gains access to the body |
| Protein kinase | an enzyme that activates another protein by adding a phosphate from ATP |
| Receptor | an attachment for a pathogen on a host cell |
| Saxitoxin | a neurotoxin produced by some dinoflagellates |
| Sclerotia | the compact mass of hardened mycelia of the fungus Claviceps purpura that fills infected rye flowers producing the toxin ergot |
| Septic shock | a sudden drop in blood pressure induced by bacterial toxins, usually endotoxins from gram negative bacteria |
| Shock | any life threatening loss of blood pressure |
| Siderophore | bacterial iron binding proteins |
| Syncytium | a multinucleated giant cell resulting from certain viral infections |
| Toxemia | the presence of toxins in the blood |
| Toxigenicity | the capacity of a microorganism to produce a toxin |
| Toxin | any poisonous substance produced by a microbe |
| Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) | a polypeptide released by phagocytes in response to bacterial endotoxins, induces shock; also called cachetin |
| All of the following are examples of cytopathic effects of viruses except ________. | None of these choices. There are no exceptions here. |
| Which of these effects is most likely to occur if a pathogen enters the body by a portal of entry other than the preferred one? | A milder disease will result. |
| Which one of the following virulence factors contributes most to the spread of disease in the body? | hyaluronidase |
| The presence of endotoxins in a sterile fluid indicates ________. | the presence of gram |
| Viruses can evade host defenses by ________. | "hiding" inside host cells where they cannot be detected by the host's immune system |
| Which of these organisms does not produce a neurotoxin? | rabies virus |
| Which of these organisms does not produce an enterotoxin? | Clostridium botulinum |
| Given the following LD50 values for Bacillus anthracis, through which portal of entry is it easiest to get anthrax? | Cutaneous |
| Host cells transformed by viral infection may ________. | lose contact inhibition |
| Which one of these bacterial proteins can take iron from human lactoferrin? | siderophore |
| Based on these LD50 values, which microbe is the most virulent? Assume each bacterium enters through the appropriate portal of entry. | Shigella |
| Which of these is a cell wall component that contributes to invasiveness? | M protein |
| Which of these diseases cannot be prevented by toxoids? | gram |
| Which one of these substances should not be produced at the same time as coagulase? | fibrinolysin |
| Which of these statements is true regarding portals of exit? | In most cases, a microbe uses the same portal for both entry and exit. |
| Which one of these is not an example of the parenteral route? | hair follicle |
| The symptoms of protozoan diseases are usually due to ________. | metabolic waste products |
| Hepatitis B virus transmitted by a finger | stick device is transmitted by which portal of entry? |
| Which of these substances does not protect a bacterium from phagocytosis? | siderophores |
| Symptoms of helminthic diseases are usually due to ________. | the presence of the parasite |
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