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Rhetorical terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text |
| Concession | An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable |
| Connotation | Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition or denotation |
| Context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text |
| Counterargument | an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward |
| Ethos | "character", speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic |
| Logos | "Embodied thought", speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by |
| Occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written |
| Pathos | Suffering or experience; speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience |
| Persona | "mask"; The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience |
| Polemic | "hostile," an aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others |
| Propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause |
| Purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve |
| refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument - refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable |
| rhetoric | term defined by Aristotle, "The faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" - or the art of finding ways to persuade an audience |
| Rhetorical appeals | |
| Rhetorical triangle | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text |
| SOAPS | a mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker - handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation |
| speaker | The person or group who creates a text |
| subject | the topic of a text. What the text is about |
| text | Any cultural product that can be "read" or generally means the written word |
| Alliteration | Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases |
| Allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place or to a work of art |
| Anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines |
| antimetabole | repetition of words in reverse order |
| antithesis | opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction |
| archaic diction | old-fashioned or outdated choice of words |
| asyndeton | omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words |
| cumulative sentence | sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on |
| hortative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action |
| imperative sentence | sentence used to command or enjoin |
| inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence |
| Juxtaposition | placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences |
| metaphor | figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as |
| oxymoron | paradoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another |
| parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses |
| periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end |
| personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea |
| rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer |
| synedoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole |
| zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings |
| Chiasmus | two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures |
| Epistrophe | the repetition of phrases or words at the ends of the clauses or sentences. |
| Hypophora | figure of speech in which a writer raises a question, and then immediately provides an answer to that question. |
| Apostrophe | a punctuation mark used to indicate either possession or the omission of letters or numbers |
| Irony | the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. |
| Pun | word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect |
| Litotes | a figure of speech that employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, a positive statement expressed by negating its opposite expressions. |
| Paradox | statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true. |
Created by:
Nblakely
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