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Chemistry Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of matter, the physical and chemical changes affecting matter and the energy changes that accompany those processes | Chemistry |
| The study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction and respiration, that occur within a living organism. | Biochemistry |
| Deals with all matter that is now living or was alive at one time. This is the study of matter containing carbon | Organic chemistry |
| Deals with matter that was never living and does not contain carbon | Inorganic chemistry |
| Anything that occupies space | Matter |
| Matter with definite weight, volume and shape | Solids |
| Matter with definite weight and volume but no shape | Liquids |
| Matter with definite weight, but indefinite volume and shape | Gases |
| Matter can be changed from one of these forms (solid, liquid, gas) to another in what two ways | Physical change and chemical change |
| Change in the physica form of a substance without creating a new substance possessing a distinct material composition | Physical change *Example: water to ice |
| Change in a substance that creates a new substance with different material characteristics from those of the original substance | Chemical Change *Example: Hydrogen and oxygen combing to form water |
| The process of a solid or gas changing states without becoming a liquid | Sublimation |
| Is the ability to do work to accomplish some change | Energy *Changes in matter always involve either gain or loss of energy. Matter and energy are at the core of chemistry. |
| Basic units of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by and chemical reaction. | Elements |
| Referred to as pure substances | Elements |
| Number of naturally occurring elements | 92 |
| Unifying concept used to organize elements and their similarities is called | The periodic law |
| Chart or map created to display groups of related elements is called | The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements |
| Number shown in the table with each element is the element’s | Atomic number |
| Atomic number indicates | How may protons are in a single atom of the element. |
| The primary basis for the organization of the related elements found on the Periodic Table | Atomic Number |
| 5 elements of particular interest to the esthetician since they are involved in the formation of skin and it’s appendages, hair and nails | Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Sulfur (S) |
| In the natural state, 2 of the 5 elements are solids | Carbon (C) and Sulfur (S) |
| In their nature state 3 of 5 elements are gases | Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O) Nitrogen (N) |
| Components of major biological molecules | Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Sulphuric (S) |
| Produce electrolytes responsible for fluid balance and nerve signal transmission | Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) |
| Elements for Bones, nerve function | Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) |
| Essential trace metals in human metabolism | Zinc (Zn) Strontium (Sr) Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) Cobalt (Co) Manganese (Mn) |
| Elements for inhalation or ingestion of these heavy metals can produce toxic effect | Cadmium (Cd) Mercury (Hg) Lead (Pb) |
| Most abundant element in the earth’s crust, and the second most abundant in the atmosphere | Oxygen (O) |
| The smallest complete unit of an element | Atoms |
| Each elements. Consists of identical ______ | Atoms |
| Atoms are made up of 3 particles | Protons Neutrons Electrons |
| Have a positive electrical charge (+) and identify the atom | Protons |
| Have no electrical charge. Together with Protons determine the _____ | Neutrons and molecular weight |
| Have a negative electrical charge (-).Under certain circumstances, these enable atoms to unite with other atoms to form bonds | Electrons |
| Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly to form a dense core, or | Nucleus *electrons move around this nucleus on orbiting paths or shells at the speed of light |
| Orbiting paths of electrons around a nucleus are called | Energy levels |
| Indicated how many protons are in a single atom of a particular element | Atomic number *Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1, which means it has one proton |
| Has one electron, and is the simplest atomic structure | Hydrogen |
| The ____________ of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons present in the outmost orbiting path or shell. | Chemical behavior (reactivity) |
| Atoms not missing any electrons in their outer shell is considered | Stable and are electrically neutral |
| Name given to an electron in the outmost orbit that is easily moved from its orbit. If another atom has a shortage of electrons, the _______ will attempt to move to the other atoms | Free electron |
| If the outer shell of the atom is missing electrons, the atom is considered | Unstable or reactive |
| _____ Seek out other atoms with which they can share electrons to complete their out shell. | Unstable atoms |
| When unstable atoms combine chemically, they make more complex units, called | Molecules |
| The smallest particle of a compound that has all the chemical properties of that compound | Molecule |
| Molecules are 2 or more of the same atoms joined together by one or more | Chemical bonds |
| When the atoms that combining are different, the resulting molecule is a | Compound |
| Created by chemically uniting 2 different elements. Formed by the union of individual elements have their own unique chemical and physical characteristics | Compounds |
| When 2 or more chemicals are mixed together, what occurs | A chemical reaction |
| _____ and/or ______ reactions take place any time a chemical reaction (in other words, an electron transfer) occurs | Oxidation and/or reduction |
| Substance loses an electron, and oxygen is acquired | Oxidation |
| A substance gains an electron, and oxygen is released (this means that their charge has been altered by the addition or subtraction of negatively charged electrons) | Reduction |
| The charged atoms involved in the chemical reaction are called | Ions, which attract or repel each other based on their positive or negative charges |
| A chemical or ingredient that released oxygen | An oxidizing agent |
| When positive and negative ions join, they are held together by an | Ionic bond |
| If no “trading” is taking place and the atoms are sharing the electrons, they are held together by what is called a | Covalent bond *A molecule of oxygen is an example of a covalent bond. The symbol O represents oxygen and stands for 2 atoms of oxygen that stay together because they are sharing electrons to form a complete outer shell. Occurs frequently in the body |
| The branch of science that deals with the chemicals related to life processes and their reactions within the body is call | Biochemistry |
| Most of the chemical reactions that take place within the body are | Organic chemical reactions |
| 3 Major biochemical compound groups in the body | 1. Proteins, which help the body construct and renew itself 2. Carbohydrates, which are used by the body to store energy and play a key role in metabolism 3.Lipids, components that fill the intercellular spaces in the skin (intercellular cement) |
| Basic materials the body used to construct and renew itself | Protein |
| Many of the hormones and enzymes the body uses to regulate metabolism are also made of | Proteins |
| Materials that dissolve and break down large molecules into smaller ones | Enzymes |
| Compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen that join together in chains to form proteins | Amino Acids |
| Number of common amino acids, each with its own distinct chemical structure | 22 |
| Amino acid compounds join together with either _____ or a _____ | Peptide bond or polypeptide chain |
| A bond uniting two amino acid groups | Peptide bond |
| Is thousands of amino acids connected lengthwise to form a chain | Polypeptide chain |
| Same manner that amino acid molecules link with each other to form polypeptide chains, other molecules in the body serve as building blocks that connect with each other to form large more complex compound. These basic building-block molecules are called | Monomers |
| Groups of monomers that bond together are called | Polymers |
| Examples of monomers and polymers found in the body are | Carbohydrates, used by the body to store energy and play a key role in metabolism |
| Carbohydrates are molecules containing a combination of | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) which are arranged in a chain and serve as the main components of a molecule. |
| Simple unit of carbohydrate is called | Saccharide |
| Single saccharine is called a | Monosaccharide |
| Disaccharides2 saccharides linked together are called | Disaccharides |
| Many saccharides linked together are called | Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides are simple sugars such as | Glucose, the most important carbohydrates for providing energy |
| Example of a disaccharide is | Sucrose, which is another name for table sugar |
| Polysaccharides are larger, more complex molecules such as | Starch |
| Lipids are made up of | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O) and are not formed by the linkage of basic molecule units like proteins and polysaccharides. |
| These much more complex substances are synthesized by the body and used in important biological functions, amount them the formation of components that fill the intercellular spaces in the skin | Lipids |
| Examples of Lipids | Triglycerides, fats and steroids |
| The study of chemical reactions, such as growth, reproduction and respiration, that occur within a living organism | Biochemistry |
| Biochemical compounds that help the body construct and renew itself | Proteins |
| Biochemical compounds used by the body to store energy and which play a key role in metabolism | Carbohydrates |
| Biochemical compounds, such as triglycerides, fats, and steroids, that form components that fill the intercellular spaces in the skin | Lipids |
| Biochemical compounds consisting of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen that join together in chains to form proteins | Amino Acids |
| Union of 2 amino acid groups | Peptide bond |
| Thousands of amino acids connected lengthwise to form a chain | Polypeptide chain |
| Basic building-block molecules that connect with each other to form larger, more complex compounds | Monomers |
| Groups of monomers that bond together to create larger, more complex compounds | Polymers |
| A simple unit of a carbohydrate | Saccharide |
| A single saccharide; a simple sugar such as glucose | Monosaccharide |
| Two saccharides linked together, such a as sucrose (table sugar) | Disaccharide |
| Many saccharides linked to form larger, more complex molecules, such as starch | Polysaccharides |
| Lemons, oranges, and grapefruit all have a natural ______sugar level | Acid |
| Unit of measurement that indicates whether a substance is acidic, neutral or alkaline | Potential hydrogen or pH |
| Sometimes referred to as “base” | Alkaline |
| PH numbers measure the amount of__________ or _______ in a water-based solution | Acid or Alkaline (base) |
| Only solutions that contain what and/or dissolve in what can have an acidic or alkaline nature | Water and/or dissolve in water |
| A solution is acidic or alkaline depending on the number of | Positive hydrogen ions or negative hydroxide ions it contains |
| If a solution has more positive hydrogen ions than negative hydroxide ions, it is | Acidic |
| If a solution has more hydroxide ions, it is | Alkaline |
| If a solution has an equal number of positive hydrogen and negative hydroxide ions it is | Neutral |
| Release a hydrogen ion and are positively charged. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is an example | Acids *Blue litmus paper is used to test for acidity, and acids will turn the paper red |
| Term used for describing a base.Release of hydroxide ions that negatively charged results in a based product | Alkaline *Red litmus paper is used to test for alkalinity, and bases will turn the paper blue |
| The pH measurement scale ranges from | 0-14. |
| The midpoint or point of neutrality of the pH measurement scale | 7 |
| Numbers below 7 indicate | Acidity *Moisturizer |
| Numbers greater than 7 indicate *Toothpaste | Alkalinity |
| the pH scale is ________, which means each step or number increases by multiples of 10 | Logarithmic |
| Means the pH at a certain level, but not necessarily at 4.5 to 5.5 | PH balanced |
| Means balanced within the acid range of 4.5 to 5.5 | Acid balanced *Acid balanced is the term applied to most professional skin care products |
| The skin has a natural pH of around | 4.5-5.5 (slightly acidic due to the mixture of sebum and sweat normally present |
| Protective barrier of the skin is referred to as the | Acid mantle |
| _____ water may contain salts such as calcium and magnesium | Hard water |
| _______ water contains very few minerals | Soft water |
| Depending on the way individual ingredients mix and interact with one another, the combination will be defined as: | Mixture, solution, suspension, gel, powder, ointment, stick, aerosol, or emulsion |
| Cosmetic products categories presented here are: | Mixture Solution Suspension Gel Powder Ointment Stick Aerosol Emulsion |
| Formed when 2 or more compounds are blended together physically, rather than chemically, creating a new overall product but still retaining the separate chemical characteristics of the components blended. | Mixture |
| A mixture of 2 or more chemicals (compounds) in which each component is even toy distributed in the mixture to form a complete and homogeneous dispersion | Solution |
| Liquid part of a solution is called | Solvent |
| Solid or dissolved part of a solution is called | Solute |
| When solute (salt) will no longer dissolve evenly in the solvent (water) it is called the | Saturation point |
| Universal Solvent | Water |
| Solvents that easily mix together are called | Miscible Solvents |
| Solvents that don’t mix easily with each other, such as oil and water, are called | Immiscible solvents |
| The even dispersion of a solid substance in a liquid base is called a | Suspension |
| Product that has been formulated with a thickening agent to increase its viscosity | Gel |
| Finely ground solid mixed evenly with additional ingredients, which in some cases include oils | Powder |
| An anhydrous (without water) substance based on a mixture of oils and waxes, normally having the texture of a paste (thick and heavy) | Ointment |
| Hard, low-level water or anhydrous product applied to the skin by rubbing the product directly on the desired area | Stick |
| Product packaged under pressure and blended with a propellant (gas) inside a container, which is usually a can | Aerosol |
| Mixture of 2 or more non mixable (immiscible) substances, such as oil and water, united by small droplets of a binder (emulsifier) or gum-like substance | Emulsion |
| Examples of emulsion-type products | Sunscreen, creme, and moisturizing lotions |
| Abbreviated O/W, the emulsions are categorized as | Oil in water *Most skin care products are water-based emulsions |
| Abbreviated W/O, the emulsions are categorized as | Water in oil *Small water droplets are evenly dispersed in an oil-based solution Droplet size in a typical emulsion ranges from 0.1 to 1 micron (one thousandth of a centimeter) |
| Binding substances used to slow down the destruction of the product | Emulsifiers *Emulsifiers can do this because they have a unique chemical structure that makes them compatible with both water and oil |
| Long molecules with a polar (positively or negatively charged) end and a non-polar (neutrally charged) end. Polar end has a affinity for water while the non-polar end has an affinity for oil. | Emulsifiers-By joining with water on one end and oil on the other, the emulsifier molecule binds (links) the molecules together under the right conditions and maintains the link for a finite amount of time. |
| This blends the ingredients and protects the stability of the product | Emulsifiers-by nature emulsions are unstable |
| The most common product types on the market, are emulsions used to impart emollients (oil) and moisturization (water) to the skin | Cremes and lotions |
| The main difference between cremes and lotions are | Thickness Degree of emollient Moisturization imparted upon application |
| The ingredients responsible for producing the desired effect | Active ingredients |
| The cosmetics, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA) is located where? And devised the current system of nomenclature | The U.S. and the European UnionCommission in Europe |
| The current system of nomenclature: the _______ The ingredient names in the _____ are based on the International Cosmetic Dictionary, which is official I ally accepted in the US by the FDA | International Nomenclature for Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) |
| Aqua = | Water |
| Paraffinum Liquidum | Mineral Oil |
| Lavandula Angustifolia | Lavender |
Created by:
Ingabrown