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A and P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following structures is comprised of similar types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function? | Organs |
| The substance that contains all the cellular contents between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the: | Cytoplasm |
| When oxygen levels are low or absent, the cells revert to the process of: | Anaerobic metabolism |
| Which of the following is a function performed by all cells: | Respiration |
| Substances that release ions when dissolved in water are called: | Electrolytes |
| The metabolic breakdown of stored carbohydrates fats or proteins in order to provide energy is called: | Catabolism |
| All of the following are formed components of the blood except | Plasma |
| The ongoing process by which red blood cells are made is called | Erythropoiesis |
| Process in which glucose is broken down to yield pyruvic acid is called | Glycolysis |
| The cell membrane is selectively permeable which means that it | Allows only certain substances to pass through it |
| A two-year-old child has experienced a proximal humeral fracture involving the growth plate, this plate is also called the | Epiphyseal plate |
| Osmosis is the movement of a | Solvent from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration |
| Substances when dissolved in water dissociate into electrically charged particles are called | Electrolytes |
| The brain and spinal cord are connected through a large opening at the base of the skull called the | Foramen magnum |
| The most common solvent in the body In which solutes or other substances will dissolve is | Water |
| The layer of tissue that lines the inside wall of the chest cavity is called the | Parietal pleura |
| Which of the following are the general types of tissue found in the body | Epithelial nervous muscle connective |
| A pH of 7.5 with in the blood would be considered | Alkaline |
| Which of the following is a component of the peripheral autonomic nervous system | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| What will the renal response be to a metabolic acidosis | Retention of bicarbonate |
| What is the immediate concern with the patient who has suffered a spinal cord injury at C3 | Lots of diaphragm movement |
| What type of tissue covers and lines internal organs | Epithelial |
| All of the following are voluntary muscles except | Smooth muscle |
| What is the function of a baroreceptor | Monitoring changes in arterial pressure |
| A medication that possesses a positive chronotropic effect is one that | Increases heart rate |
| The term inotropy refers to the | Strength of myocardial contraction |
| What body system is compromised of various glands located throughout the body | Endocrine system |
| Which of the following is the most abundant type of tissue in the body | Connective |
| If a patient is breathing rapidly and deeply, this is MOST likely an attempt to correct which of the following | Metabolic acidosis |
| Which of the following substances is the wall of the cell membrane composed | Phospholipids |
| Beginning with the outermost later, the three meningeal layers of the central nervous system are the | Dura mater, arachnoid, pow mater |
| The olfactory nerve (CN 1) is responsible for | Smell |
| The process in which glucose is broken down to yield pyruvic acid is called | Glycolysis |
| Which of the following is a function performed by all cells | Respiration |
| The ilium is defined as | Bony prominences of the pelvis |
| If too much water moved out of a cell, the cell shrinks abnormally. This process is called | Crenation |
| What is the cribriform plate | Horizontal bone through which the olfactory nerve filaments pass |
| Which of the following statements regarding the thyroid cartilage is correct? | It is the anterior part of the larynx |
| The first and second cervical vertebrae are called the | Atlas and axis |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is manufactured in the | Ventricles of the brain |
| The most important nerve of the cervical plexus which innervates the diaphragm is the | Phrenic nerve |
| Approximately 97% of the oxygen that diffuses out of the alveoli | Binds to hemoglobin |
| Decreases in PaCO2 result in _______pH levels in the respiratory center and a(n) __________ in ventilation | Increased, decrease |
| Which of the following are typically found in the muscle cells and provide cell movement and contraction via interaction with actin and myosin? | Microfilaments |
| The process in which malignant cells (neoplasm) travel to other organs or tissue and establish secondary tumors is called | Metastasis |
| The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called | Diffusion |
| The movement of a substance against a concentration or gradient that requires energy is called | Active transport |
| The most inferior portion of the heart is called the | Apex |
| Which portion of the spinal column articulates with the pelvis | Sacral |
| What is the role of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | Provides energy throughout the body |
| What is the name of the most superior bone of the pelvis | Ilium |
| The axial skeleton consists of the skull, face, thoracic cage, and the _______ | Vertebral column |
| What is another name for the C2 vertebra | Axis |
| The perfect (ideal) human blood pH is | 7.4 |
| Cardiac muscle is _______ | Striated and involuntary |
| The projection of the neurons that delivers electrical impulses to the cell body is called a (an) | Dendrites |
| The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata collectively form the | Brainstem |
| The majority of the body’s total water is contained within the | Intracellular space |
| Which of the following substances are released when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Which of the following vessels or structures is not part of the pulmonary circulation | Descending aorta |
| During your assessment of a patient, you note that he is bradycardic, hypotensive and salivating. These clinical findings suggest | Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation |
| Efferent nerves of the peripheral nervous system are responsible for | Carrying impulses from the brain to the body |
| What are the functions of the pancreas | Production of insulin and certain enzymes that aid in digestion |
| The middle meningeal covering the brain and spinal cord is called the | Arachnoid |
| What happens when the PaCO2 of the arterial blood increases | pH decreases and respirations increase |
| Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the | Frank-Starling effect |
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveolar capillary membrane through a process called | Diffusion |
| The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called | Ventilation |
| The epiglottis can best be described as | Cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing |
| The first pair of arteries to branch from the ascending aorta are the | Coronary arteries |
| The first portion of the small intestine that received food from the stomach is the | Duodenum |
| The hearts primary pacemaker, which is located in the right atrium is the | SA node (sinoatrial node) |
| The formed elements of the blood are ____,_____,____ | Erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes |
| What is the cardiac output of a person with a stroke volume of 60 mL and a heart rate of 90 bpm | 5.4 L |
| Which of the following would be an anatomically accurate phrase | The nipple is superior and lateral to the navel |
| What physiological reaction occurs when a persons blood sugar level falls | Glucagon is secreted |
| Where is the thermostat of the body located anatomically | Hypothalamus |
| For regulation of the acid-base balance which of the following has the fastest response | Bicarbonate buffer system |
| Which of the following ions is most responsible for ensuring cardiac muscle contraction | Calcium |
| Breakdown of glucose into water carbon dioxide and energy is an example of which of the following | Catabolism |
| The ribs, sternum, spine and skull make up what part of the skeleton | Axial |
| What body system is compromised of various glands located throughout the body | Endocrine system |
| What is the most accurate term used to describe the initial state of the cell condition during in adequate tissue perfusion (shock) | Hypoxia |
| What occurs to the sodium potassium pump during anaerobic metabolism when ATP production starts to fail | Potassium builds up in the cells |
| How are cells able to produce ATP without the use of oxygen | By using anaerobic metabolism |
| Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are most appropriately classified as _______ fluids | Transcellular |
| Which of the following factors would most likely cause hyponatremia | Diuretic use |
| Any cell that ingests microorganisms or other cells is called a | Phagocyte |
| Decreased levels of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) result in | Polyuria and diabetes insipidus |
| Baroreceptors which are located in the carotid artery, aorta and kidneys are most sensitive to changes in | Blood pressure |
| How does the body respond to hypoperfusion | A compensatory decrease in cardiac output in Cardiac oxygen demand |
| The most important nerve of the cervical plexus which innervates the diaphragm is the | Phrenic nerve |
| All of the following are endocrine glands except the | Sweat glands |
| In the pregnant patient is a question of oxytocin causes | Uterine smooth muscle contraction |
| The thyroid gland is responsible for the | Production of T3 |
| Insulin and glucagon are produced in specialized groups of cells in the pancreas known as the | islets of Langerhans |
| Which of the following is not a type of white blood cell | Histamine |
| Anaphylactic shock is characterized by | Wheezing and widespread vasodialation |
| The outer most layer of a blood vessel is called the | Tunica adventitia |
| Which of the following gland/structure is responsible for secreting cortisol | Adrenal |
| Which gland s referred to as the master gland | Pituitary |
| ________are molecules that bind to a cells receptor and trigger a response by that cell | Agonists |
| The catecholamine epinephrine (adrenaline) has an affinity for | Alpha and beta receptors |
| The heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the | Mediastinum |
| Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the | Vena cavae and coronary sinus |
| What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonic valves | Semilunar |
| The second heart sound (s2) represents | Closure of the semilunar valves |
| The diencephalon, a region of the brain, contains which of the following structures | Thalamus and hypothalamus |
| When renin is released: | The angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules |
| The tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as | Tonicity |
| Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of | Dehydration |
| Hyperkalemia is defined as | An elevated serum potassium level |
| A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked T waves on the cardiac monitor and muscle weakness is most likely | Hyperkalemic |
| Muscle cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are most likely the result of | Hypocalcemia |
| A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes most likely has | An increased serum level of magnesium |
| The most major challenge to pH homeostasis is | Acid production |
| Acidosis is characterized by a(n) | Increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH |
| Carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by a(n) | Intracellular calcium shift |
| Which of the following conditions would be the least likely to cause hyperventilation | Metabolic alkalosis |
| What chemical induces hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and providing oxygen metabolism | Cyanide |
| Or material such as bacteria and other microorganisms are engulfed and destroyed by | Phagocytes |
| Unlike bacteria, viruses: | Do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins |
| If an injury leading to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration | Irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death |
| The prevalence of a particular disease refers to: | The number of cases in a particular population over time |
| Allergies are acquired following: | Initial exposure to an allergen |
| And inflammatory condition of the respiratory system that results in intermittent wheezing and excess mucous production is called | Asthma |
| Early signs of symptoms of breast cancer include | A small painless lump in the breast |
| Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by | Increased destruction of red blood cells |
| Which of the following stimulates hormone secretion and influences sodium and water movement in the kidneys helping to regulate blood pressure | Prostaglandins |
| Which of the following substances are vital in the function of the sympathetic nervous system | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What is the total blood volume for a man who weighs 75 kg | 5.3 L |
| Which of the following organs contains the greatest number of lymphocytes | Spleen |
| A protein of the immune system that recognizes foreign substances is called an | Antibody |
| Phagocytosis is the process by which | Monocytes digest microbes |
| Approximately 2/3 of the heart muscle lies within a space in the thoracic cavity called the | Mediastinum |
| Blood enters the right atrium of the heart from the | Vena cavae and coronary sinus |
| Freshly oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium through the | Pulmonary veins |
| The myocardium is the only muscle that can generate its own electrical impulses. This process is called | Automaticity |
| Excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system will result in | Bradycardia |
| Ventricular muscle contraction and the pumping the blood throughout the body occur during | Systole |
| Increased myocardial contractility secondary to stretching of the myocardial walls is called the | Frank-starling effect |
| The pulmonary circulation is responsible for | Ensuring that blood gets reoxygenated |
| The first artery to branch from the aortic arch is the | Brachiocephalic artery |
| Topographic term used to describe the location of body parts that are closer to the center of the core is | Medial |
| If the body is sliced for the results of the top and bottom portion this is referred to as the | Transverse plane |
| And unconscious adequately breathing patient should be placed in the recovery position which is | Laterally recumbent |
| Movement of an extremity toward the midline of the body is called | Adduction |
| All of the following are voluntary muscles except | Smooth muscles |
| The integumentary system includes all of the following structures except | Blood vessels |
| The base of the epidermis which continuously produces new cells that rise to the skin surface is called the | Germinal later |
| The point where the first cervical vertebra articulates with the base of the skull is called the | Atlanto-occipital joint |
| The shoulder joint is a ball and socket joint where the humeral head articulates with the | Glenoid fossa |
| A patient with a left hemispheric stroke will be expected to have | Contralateral facial drooping |
| Tiny particles that compose elements and vary in size and weight are called | Atoms |
| The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called | Pathophysiology |
| Groups of cells form | Tissues |
| The _______of the cell contains RNA | Nucleus |
| Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels | Regulate blood flow and coagulation |
| Non-striated muscle is also called | Smooth muscle |
| ________nerves exit from between the spinal vertebrae and extend to various parts of the body | Peripheral |
| Homeostasis is most accurately defined as | A constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium |
| In healthy adults, a loss of more than what percentage of total body fluid is required to alter homeostasis and cause illness | 30% |
| Unlike endocrine hormones, exocrine hormones | Reach their target via a specific duct that opens into an organ |
| Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronically elevated blood pressure is called | Hypertrophy |
| Approximately 45% of a persons body weight is | Intracellular fluid |
| Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than younger adults because | Total body water constitute only 45% of body weight in older adults |
| The movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure is called | Filtration |
| Plasma comprises approximately what percentage of the blood | 55% |
| Ascites is defined as | And abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity |
| Acute pulmonary edema | Impairs oxygen Diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries |
| When blood osmolarity increases | The pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which stimulates the kidneys to resorb water and decrease the blood’s osmolarity |
| The most prevalent cation of the extracellular fluid is | Sodium |
| The subclavian artery gives rise to the | Vertebral arteries |
| The longest portion of the order which subdividesinto the thoracic and abdominal aorta is the | Descending aorta |
| As blood enters the lungs, it enters alveoli by passing across the | Pulmonary capillary |
| The hypoxic drive a back up system to control breathing is stimulated when | Arterial PaO2 levels decrease |
| Detoxification of toxic substances, production of bile, and production of certain clotting factors are all functions of the | Liver |
| Newborn total body water content is approximately | 80% of total body weight |
| A _______ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen | Buffer |
| Any vertical plane that is parallel to the median plane and divides the body into unequal left and right parts is called the | Sagittal plane |
| Which of the following statements regarding anaerobic metabolism is correct? | Anaerobic metabolism can be supported in most cells for only 1 to 3 minutes |
| When asking a patient to supinate his or her hand you would expect him or her to | Place the hand palm up |
| What type of tissue fills body spaces, stores fat, and produces blood cells | Connective |
| The basic structure of nervous tissue that responds to environmental changes by transmitting impulses is the | Neuron |
| The resistance stage of the stress reaction is characterized by | Stimulation of the adrenal gland to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure |
| Type O blood contains | Neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies |
| All of the following diseases are auto immune diseases except | HIV infection |
| A type I hypersensitivity reaction is | An acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus |
| In general a child’s immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between | 2 and 3 years of age |
| Which of the following disease processes Would most likely cause delayed or dysfunctional wound healing | Diabetes |
| When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured | Scar tissue forms because the cells cannot be replaced |
| Factor _____is the anti-hemophilic factor | VIII |
| _______is the protein that bonds to form the fibrous component of a blood clot | Fibrin |
| Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis are also known as | Leukotrienes |
| The two most common causes of inflammation are | Infection and injury |
| If non-encapsulated bacteria enter the body: | Macrophages begin to destroy them immediately |
| B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by: | Helper T cells |
| An injection of immunoglobulin is a form of | Passive acquired immunity |
| Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct | Basophils release histamine and other chemicals that dilate blood vessels |
| After T lymphocytes leave the bone marrow they mature in the | Thymus gland |
| The chief white blood cell of the immune response is the | Lymphocyte |
| Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is correct? | MODS Occurs when an injury or infection treasures a massive systemic immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response |
| In decompensated shock, systolic blood pressure is | Less than the fifth percentile for the age |
| Ordinarily, approximately ____% of the cardiac output passes through the liver each minute | 24 |
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jsanders1127