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ap euro chapter 14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how did the age of expansion change european economy | shifted from agrarian middle ages economy to commercial capitalistic system |
| what inspired europeans culturally to explore other lands | middle ages fantasy literature about other worlds |
| eastern travel in the 13th century | led by the polos--- wrote travels |
| eastern travels in the 14th century | overland routes closed by ottoman turks--- need a way to reach east by sea (enter columbus) |
| economic goals of eastern travel | *direct access to exotic good (no more intermediaries) *become rich |
| where was a crusading mentality strong and why | portugal and spain where muslims had been driven out in middle ages |
| what was the secondary reason (after economic) of european expansion | religious zeal- convert HEATHENS to christianity |
| how did renaissance monarchy centralization contribute to european expansion | *monarchies had increased their authority and could turn attention across their border (portugal, which was not powerful enough to gain land in europe, decided to look abroad) |
| portolani | charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians that were more helpful than symbolic medieval maps |
| ptolemy's map and significance | world was spherical with 3 landmasses (europe, asia, africa) and two oceans-- underestimated circumference of world so sailors thought it was possible to sail east and reach asia |
| 3 sailing advances that facilitated exploration | 1. new seaworthy ships 2. new navigational techniques 3. knowledge of winds |
| portugal and prince henry the navigator | *led age of expansion *explored coast of africa *wanted to find new christian ally, trade opportunities, and spread christianity |
| portuguese in africa | *started slave trade *discovered new source of gold *leased land from local rulers and built coastal forts |
| bartholomeu dias | tried to round tip of africa but failed |
| vasco da gama | rounded cape of africa , explored east africa, arrived in india and found profitable spices |
| goa and portugal | portuguese wanted to monopolize the spice trade and needed a land base in the red sea area (set up by alfonso de albuquerque) |
| malacca and portual | *arab thriving port/ stop in spice trade *albuquerque captured city with bloody battle *decreased arab control of spice trade |
| 2 reasons the portuguese were so successful | 1. guns-- used to intimidate lightly armed rivals 2. seamanship-- allowed them to get to these new places |
| difference between spanish and portuguese exploration | *portuguese attempted to reach spice trade by going around africa *spanish attempted to reach spice trade by sailing west |
| what was columbus convinced he had reached | indies in asia (but really reached caribbean islands) |
| how did columbus's beliefs about geography differ from the prevailing thought of his time | thought world circumference was small and that asia was very big |
| ferdinand magellan | completed first circumnavigation of earth |
| john cabot | explored new england coastline |
| pedro cabral | discovered south american |
| amerigo vespucci | wrote letters describing geography of new world |
| balboa | led expedition across panama and reached pacific ocean |
| treaty of tordesillas and consequences | spllit south america into spanish (large) and portuguese (small) spheres of influence-- led to portuguese claiming route around africa and spanish claiming route across atlantic |
| conquistadors | spanish conquerers motivated by greed, glory, and religious zeal; privately funded; benefitted from native rivalries |
| mesoamerica | modern mexico and central america |
| maya people | *yucatan peninsula *temples, pyramids, art *sophisticated calendar *agrarian people *collapsed for unknown reasons |
| political organization of aztec empire | not centralized state but collection of semi-independent territories governed by local lords |
| hernan cortes and aztecs | *made alliances with enemy city states *arrived in tenochtitlan and montezuma thought that he was a representatitive of a god *took montezuma hostage and pillaged the city *local population drives spanish out but disease begins to kill them *tlaxcala |
| where did the incans live | mountains of peru |
| how did pachakuti change the incan empire | launched a campaign of conquest that brought region under control as a highly centralized state made from stone |
| how did pachakuti divide the incan empire | 4 quarters divided into provinces ruled by governors |
| what were the inca known for | being great builders-- built advanced roads and bridges over waterways |
| pizarro and the incan empire | *arrived to a community already hit by smallpox *after incan emperor died, civil war broke out and pizarro took control of the city *captured the capital and created a new spanish colony |
| encomienda | economic and social system that permitted the conquering spaniards to collect tribute from indians and use them as laborers. in return, spanish would provide protection to indians |
| mita | spanish system in peru that allowed authorities to draft native labor to work silver mines |
| who spoke out against harsh treatment of indians | dominican friars |
| why did the spanish abolish the encomienda system | writings of bartolome de las casas |
| how were spanish possessions divided | 1. new spain- mexico, central america, caribbean 2. peru- south america |
| viceroy | ruled spanish possessions in new world and represented spanish monarchy |
| audiencias | advisory groups to viceroys that also functioned as judicial bodies |
| role of catholicism in new world | many indians were converted and catholicism institutional structures were brought to the new world |
| effects of smallpox on european exploration | spread along trade routes and killed 1/3 of indian population-- made it possible for spaniards to conquer native civilizations |
| smallpox effect on slavery | high mortality rates of native workers led europeans to look to africa for slave labor |
| who threatened the portuguese in their conquest of africa | the dutch |
| what colony did the dutch establish in africa | cape town south africa |
| what industry caused the slave trade to proliferate | sugar cane farming |
| triangular trade | connected europe, africa, and american continents *european merchant ships carried manufactured goods to africa *slaves from africa shipped to america *rum, coffee, sugar, tobacco, raw cotton from america back to europe |
| middle passage | brutal conditions of slave transport to americas that resulted in the deaths of many slaves |
| effect of slave trade on african kingdoms | african middlemen were forced to look inland to find victims and dictated the price of slaves |
| slave trade economic effect on africa | importation of cheap manufactured goods from europe undermined local industries |
| slade trade political effect on africa | increased warfare and violence as african chiefs increased slave raids on neighboring people |
| what initiated the european sentiment for the abolition of slavery | quakers criticizing slavery in 1770s |
| why couldn't portugal dominate the trade of southeast asia | portugal's empire was too large and portugal was too small to maintain it |
| spanish in southeast asia | used philippines as a base in trade across pacific to mexico |
| who eventually dominated the spice trade in southeast asia | dutch |
| how did geography affect european dominance in southeast asia | *europeans could only truly take over islands *mainland areas remained under control of stronger monarchies-- states able to unite and drive europeans out *didn't have same spice resources as islands so europeans less determined |
| europeans and vietanm | arrived at time of internal conflict that divided the country into northern and southern states |
| mughal empire | began in india, lead by babur-- unification |
| 2 things that stopped the french from dominating the english in india | 1. english leadership of robert clive 2. french gov't unwillingness to provide money |
| how did clive increase british influence in bengal | *defeated army in calcultta (black hole of calcutta) *got british ability to collect taxes from area |
| how did the chinese regard the portuguese landing in china | didn't care-- THEY were the divine, everyone else was under them |
| ming dynasty in china | *new era of greatness-- territorial expansion *epidemic hurts peasants--- peasant revolt *mings= gone |
| qing dynasty in china | *farming and hunting manchus people conquered bejing and created qing dynasty (pure) *blessed with strong early rulers |
| how did the chinese limit british influence | allowed them only to trade from small island and rejected british request for more trade |
| background on japan | *point near anarchy *shogun tokugawa ieyasu takes control--- things are looking better |
| initial japanese reaction to european people | *welcomed them-- liked their cool stuff (especially weapons) *began to mimic european architecture |
| strong japanese reaction to european people (and reason?) | *didn't like the missionaries *ieyasu expels all missionaries *then expels all merchants except for dutch |
| british and french in west indies | *plantation economies worked by african slaves *sugar factory plantations-- became largest export |
| what happened to the dutch in north america | *claimed hudson river *big new netherlands colony where NYC is *english seized new netherlands and renamed it NY-- dutch west india company goes bankrupt |
| english and the jamestown/ massachusetts bay colony | *jamestown was rough-- colonizing lands NOT conducive to quick profit *MBC was successful- desire to practice one's own religion |
| mercantilist system | colonies provided raw good for mother country and bought mother country's manufactured goods |
| describe french settlements in north america | *autocratic vast trading area for fur, leather, fish, and timber *sparsely populated *not as important as europe-- taken by british after 7 year's war |
| relationship between british/ french and spanish/ portuguese colonies | *british and french wouldn't be included from colonies, especially as spain/ portugal were losing money *broke into trade |
| asiento | british earn privilege of transporting 4500 slaves a year to spanish latin america |
| effect of european expansion on territories in west africa | grew as a result of internal wars to secure more slaves (middlemen) |
| how was latin american racially different from british north america | multiracial society with less rigid definitions of race |
| sor juana ines de la cruz | spanish nun who became one of latin america's best known literary figures (religious women often had more opportunitites) |
| how did the jesuits make the chinese open to their religious views | *brought clocks and other technology that impressed them *compared their religion to confucian ethics *wore chinese attire |
| what led to jesuit failure in china | *infighting among religious orders *jesuits allowed chinese to continue ancestor worship to make it easier to convert *dominicans and franciscans complained to pope |
| women's role in the new world | *easy to find a husband *violence means that if husband dies (likely) SHE GETS LAND |
| columbian exchange | reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between europe and the americas |
| how did potatoes from new world affect europe | *high carbs = people need less land *population boom |
| map projections | allowed europeans to represent round surface on flat piece of paper |
| mercator projection | *conformal projection-- shows true shape of landmasses in limited area *shapes near equator are accurate *near poles are questionable |
| psychological effect of colonization on europeans | easy success in dominating native people led to more eurocentric outlook |
| price revolution | inflation (only 2-3% a year) happened to europe which was a shock to a country used to stable prices |
| effect of price revolution on laborers | standard of living dropped as wages failed to keep up |
| effect of price revolution on landed aristocrats | could raise rents and prospered |
| what was considered the CONTEMPORARY cause of the price revolution | influx of precious metals from new world |
| what is considered the cause of the price revolution today | increase in population-- increased demand for land/ food |
| 3 areas that european trade revolved around and evolution | 1. mediterranean 2. low countries/ baltic region 3. central europe (danube and rhine rivers) once atlantic seaboard became major trading zone, europe was more integrated market that was more vulnerable to price shifts |
| joint stock company | individuals bought shares in a company and received dividends on their investment while a board of directors ran the company and made important business decisions |
| relationship between charles v and jacob fugger | *fugger gives charles big loan *charles gives fugger monopoly over mines *charles defaults on loan *fugger goes bankrupt |
| amerstand bourse | stock exchange--- hub of european business |
| economic condition of peasants | *still depended on agricultural system *worked on land *owed feudal dues *didn't see improvement |
| mercantilism | *total volume of trade was unchangeable *states protected economies by hoarding metals, developing protectionist policies, promoting colonies, increasing ship building, supporting trade |
| bullion | gold/silver |
| mercantilist view on balance of trade | should export goods that are a greater value than goods imported in order to achieve inflow of gold/ silver (did this through subsidies/ tariffs on foreign goods/ colonies for raw materials) |
| mercantilist view on gov't economic involvement | state intervention was desirable for the national good |
| what made transatlantic trade rewarding | not volume but VALUE of goods-- spices, sugar, coffee, tea |
| what is the overarching trend of trade | was leading to a more global economy |
Created by:
trainagrace