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chem q3 (17-22)
2.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ex nihilo | out of nothing |
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| state | forms of matter (general term) |
| temperature | most important factor that determines the state of matter |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion; related to the effect of temperature on the state of matter |
| temperature | an indirect measurement of the particles' average kinetic energy |
| solid, liquid, gas, plasma | four states of matter |
| solid | definite shape and volume; difficult to compress; particles close together and rigid |
| melting point | temperature at which the particles have enough kinetic energy to break loose from their rigid positions |
| liquid | shape of its container; definite volume; difficult to compress; particles close but free to move |
| boiling point | temperature at which the particles gain enough energy to break away from each other |
| gas | no definite shape; no definite volume; easy to compress; particles far apart |
| plasma | hot gas in which atoms are partially broken down to form charged particles |
| ions | charged particles |
| plasma (stars) | most common state of matter |
| substance | form of matter with unique properties that make it different from every other substance |
| atoms | smallest particles that make up a substance |
| elements | substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means; composed of a single type of atom |
| periodic table of the elements | on which the elements are arranged based on their properties |
| molecules | groups of two or more atoms that are linked by chemical bonds to form distinct units |
| diatomic elements | elements that exist as molecules composed of two atoms |
| atomic symbol | unique to each element; abbreviations of English or Latin names |
| Jons Jakob Berzelius | introduced a system in which the elements are symbolized by letters instead of pictorial symbols |
| 8 | how many elements make up earth |
| oxygen | most abundant element by mass |
| iron | most abundant element in the entire earth |
| hydrogen | most abundant element in the universe as a whole (75%) |
| 10 | how many elements make up 99.8% of the human body |
| compound | a substance that can be decomposed by chemical means into simpler substances; combination of elements |
| formula | grouping of symbols that tells what types of atoms compose the compounds and the number of each type of atom in one molecule of the compound |
| pure substances | have definite compositions the relative amounts of each element in a given compound are unchangeable |
| homogenous | composed of the same kind of matter throughout a sample |
| mixture | substance made of two or more pure substances that are physically mixed but not chemically combined |
| solutions | homogeneous mixtures aka; can be separated into simpler substances by physical meants |
| heterogeneous mixture | consists of pure substances that are incompletely mixed |
| phase | a homogeneous part of a system that is in contact with but physically distinct from other parts of the system |
| phase | each component in a heterogeneous mixture |
| Democritus | Greek scholar that proposed that matter consists of tiny particles; thought particles of water were smooth and round, particles of iron were rough and jagged |
| atomos | "indivisible" "uncut"what Democritus called the particles that make up matter |
| John Dalton | proposed a more extensive model of the atom |
| differences in the atoms of the elements. 4) The atoms of the elements combined in a compound are combined in a definite ratio. 5) A chemical reaction is the result of rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms. | ATOMIC THEORY 1) Every element consists of tiny, indivisible, indestructible particles called atom. 2) All of the atoms of a particular element have the same size, mass, and chemical behavior. 3) Differences in properties of elements result from |
| chemical reaction | result of rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms |
| law of definite composition | first basic law explained by Dalton's theory; ratios of the masses of each element in a given compound are always the same |
| a compound always has the same composition and the same properties no matter what | law of definite composition restated |
| law of multiple proportions | when two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed amount of the other element are in a ratio of small whole numbers |
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tatianaprince
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