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Apologia Chem M 1B

Measurement, Units, and the Scientific Method

TermDefinition
chemistry the study of matter
matter anything that has mass and takes up space
metric system system of standard units of measurements; more logical and versatile than the English system
gram unit for mass
mass measures how much matter exists in an object
weight measures how hard gravity pulls on an object
slug English unit for mass
Newton metric unit for weight
volume measures how much space an object occupies
gallon English unit for volume
liter metric unit for volume
seconds unit for time
meter metric unit for distance
centi- one-hundredth or 0.01
kilo- 1,000
milli- one-thousandth or 0.001
conversion factor a fraction describing the relationship between two standardized measurements
factor-label method a conversion method that uses the multiplication of fractions
Step one of factor-label method: Create a fraction out of the given measurement by placing it over 1.
Step two of factor-label method: Place the original measurement unit in the denominator of the conversion factor.
Step three of the factor-label method: Place the wanted unit in the numerator of the conversion factor.
Step 4 of the factor-label method: Place the numerical meaning of any prefixes on the opposite side of the conversion factor.
Step 5 of the factor-label method: Multiply the given measurement fraction by the conversion factor.
The factor-label method is one of the most important tools you can learn for the study of chemistry.
When adding and subtracting units, the units must be IDENTICAL.
When multiplying and dividing units, it doesn't matter whether or not the units are identical.
derived units derived from math calculations with basic units that make up the metric system
1 cubic cm 1 mL
first rule for MEASURING with a ruler start at 1, not 0
to READ a measurement, first see what the scale on the ruler is
To deduce the closest estimate of a measurement, always estimate one digit beyond what the instrument is marked.
Always strive to read the scale to the next decimal place, if possible.
graduated cylinder one of the most useful tools for measuring volume, looks a lot like a rain gauge
meniscus curved surface of the liquid
Read the level of a liquid from the bottom of the meniscus.
accuracy an indication of how close a measurement is to the true value
precision an indication of the scale on the measuring device that was used
The more correct that a measurement is, the more accurate it is.
The smaller the scale on the measuring instrument, the more precise the measurement.
The most practical way to improve you accuracy in a measurement is to make your measurement several times and average your results.
To determine the precision of a measurement and an instrument, look at its significant figures.
1st rule to determine the number of significant figures: all nonzero digits are significant.
2nd rule to determine the number of significant figures: All zeros in front of the first 1 - 9 digit are NOT significant.
3rd rule to determine the number of significant figures: All zeros BETWEEN 2 significant figures are significant.
4th rule to determine the number of significant figures: All zeros at the end of a number AND to the right of the decimal point are significant.
9,341 Has 4 significant figures
0.000564 Has 3 significant figures
120.043 Has 6 significant figures
510.0 and 510 Have 4 and 2 significant figures
scientific notation writes numbers so that no matter how large or small they are, they always include a decimal point
According to our rules of significant figures, the 0 in 1.0 IS significant because it is at the end of the number AND to the right of the decimal.
According to our rules of significant figures, the 00s in 100 are NOT significant.
Scientific notation gives us a way to make 0s significant it they need to be.
Scientific notation ALWAYS has a number with a decimal point right after the first digit times a 10 raised to some power.
Scientific notation simplifies the job of recording very large or very small numbers, making mistakes in computation less likely.
When numbers are raised to negative powers, they are smaller than 1.
1st basic rule of scientific notation: Place only 1 digit (not a 0) in front of the decimal point.
2nd basic rule of scientific notation: Only significant figures go in front of the multiplication sign.
When + or - with significant figures: round your answer so that it has the same PRECISION as the LEAST precise measurement in the calculations
When multiplying or dividing w/ significant figures: round the answer so that it has the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.
The prefixes used in the metric system as well as the fractions are are infinitely precise and have an infinite number of significant figures. Therefore, we ignore them when determining significant figures.
calibration using certain physical measurements to define the scale of a measuring device
absolute temperature scale the Kelvin temperature scale, due to the fact that we can never get to or go below 0 Kelvin
hypothesis an educated guess that attempts to explain some aspect of the world around us
theory once a hypothesis is confirmed
scientific law what a theory may be considered once it has undergone numerous experiments; an educated guess confirmed over and over by experimentation
A scientific law itself may be flawed due to the fact that the experiments that established it might be flawed.
Theory of spontaneous generation one example of an erroneous hypothesis determined to be true based on erroneous experiments
Francesco Redi Italian physician who showed that if rotting meat was completely isolated from the outside world, no maggots would appear
Louis Pasteur French scientist who overturned the theory of spontaneous generation
Bishop Robert Grosseteste (1175 - 1253) English statesman, philosopher, theologian, and scientist, taught that the purpose of inquiry was not to come up with great inventions, but instead to learn the reason behind the facts.
Created by: MrsHough
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