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Apologia Chem M 1B

Measurement, Units, and the Scientific Method

TermDefinition
to READ a measurement, first see what the scale on the ruler is
To deduce the closest ESTIMATE of a measurement, always estimate one digit ______________ what the instrument is marked. beyond
meniscus curved surface of the liquid
Read the level of a liquid from the_________________ of the meniscus. bottom
accuracy an indication of how CLOSE a measurement is to the TRUE value, deals with CORRECTNESS
precision an indication of the SCALE on the measuring device that was used; deals with SIZE of the scale
Most PRACTICAL way to improve ACCURACY: make your measurement several times & ________________________ your results. average
ALL nonzero digits ARE significant
All zeros in FRONT OF/TO THE LEFT of the first 1 - 9 digit are NOT significant.
All zeros ___________________ 2 significant figures are significant. between
All zeros at the __________ of a number AND to the __________ of the decimal point are significant. end (and) right
9,341 Has 4 significant figures
0.000564 Has 3 significant figures
120.043 Has 6 significant figures
510.0 and 510 Have 4 and 2 significant figures
Scientific notation gives us a way to make 0s significant it they need to be.
Scientific notation ALWAYS has a number with a decimal point right after the first digit times a 10 raised to some power.
Scientific notation simplifies the job of recording very large or very small numbers, making mistakes in computation less likely.
When numbers are raised to negative powers, they are smaller than 1.
With scientific notation, place only 1 digit (not a 0) in ____________ of the decimal point with scientific notation. front
In scientific notation, only _________________ figures go in front of the multiplication sign. significant
When ADDING or SUBTRACTING with significant figures, round your answer so that it has the same PRECISION as the LEAST precise measurement in the calculations.
When MULTIPLYING or DIVIDING w/ significant figures, round the answer so that it has the SAME NUMBER of significant figures as the measurement with the FEWEST significant figures.
The prefixes used in the metric system as well as the fractions are infinitely precise and have an infinite number of significant figures. Therefore, we ignore them when determining significant figures.
absolute temperature scale the Kelvin temperature scale, due to the fact that we can never get to or go below 0 Kelvin
hypothesis an educated guess that attempts to explain some aspect of the world around us
theory an EXPLANATION of why something is happening
scientific law a DESCRIPTION of what is happening
A scientific law itself may be flawed due to the fact that the experiments that established it might be flawed.
Theory of spontaneous generation one example of an erroneous hypothesis determined to be true based on erroneous experiments
Francesco Redi Italian physician who showed that if rotting meat was completely isolated from the outside world, no maggots would appear
Louis Pasteur French scientist who overturned the theory of spontaneous generation
Bishop Robert Grosseteste (1175 - 1253) English statesman, philosopher, theologian, and scientist, taught that the purpose of inquiry was not to come up with great inventions, but instead to learn the REASON behind the FACTS.
Created by: MrsHough
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