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Trauma - EMT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | Capacity to do work in the strict physical sense |
| Epistaxis | Medical term for a nosebleed |
| Exsanguination | Blood loss sufficient enough to cause death |
| Commotio Cordis | Lethal cardiac arrhythmia caused by a blunt force blow to the sternal area |
| Flail chest | Defect in the chest wall that allows for free movement of a segment. Breathing will cause paradoxical chest wall movement. |
| Hemopneumothorax | Condition in which air and blood are in the pleural space |
| Hemoptysis | Coughing up blood that originates in the respiratory tract |
| Hemothorax | Blood within the pleural space |
| Pericardial tamponade | A restriction to cardiac filling caused by blood (or other fluid) within the pericardial sac |
| Pneumothorax | A collection of air in the pleural space |
| Pulsus Alternas | Alternating between a strong and weak pulse palpable pulse |
| Pulsus Paradoxus | Drop of greater than 10 mmHg in the systolic blood pressure during the inspiratory phase of respiration that occurs in patients with pericardial tamponade |
| Tension Pneumothorax | Buildup of air under pressure within the thorax. The resulting compression of the lung severely reduces venous return, cardiac output, and the effectiveness of respiration |
| Degloving injury | Avulsion in which the mechanism of injury tears the skin off the underlying muscle,tissue, blood vessel, and bone |
| Ecchymosis | Blue-black discoloration of the skin due to leakage of blood into the tissues |
| Gangrene | Deep-space infection usually caused by the anaerobic bacterium |
| Hematoma | Collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment |
| Hemostasis | The body's three-step process to control a hemorrhage |
| Incision | Very smooth or surgical laceration, frequently caused by a knife, scalpel, razor blade, or piece of glass |
| Laceration | An open wound, normally tear with jagged borders |
| Closed Fracture | A broken bone in which the bone ends or the forces that caused it do not penetrate the skin |
| Comminuted Fracture | Fracture in which a bone is broken into several pieces |
| Dislocation | Complete displacement of a bone end from its position in a joint capsule |
| Fatigue Fracture | Break in a bone associated with prolonged or repeated stress. |
| Greenstick Fracture | Partial fracture of a child's bone |
| Hairline Fracture | Small crack in a bone that does not disrupt its total structure |
| Impacted Fracture | Break in a bone in which the bone is compressed on itself |
| Joint | Area where adjacent bones articulate |
| Ligaments | Bands of connective tissue that connect bone to bone and hold joints together |
| Evisceration | A protrusion of organs from a wound - the most common one scene in the prehospital environment is an abdominal evisceration |
| Guarding | Protective tensing of the abdominal muscles by a patient suffering abdominal pain |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood |
| Hematochezia | Passage of stools containing red blood |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Pelvic Space | Division of the abdominal cavity containing the organs located within the pelvis |
| Peritoneal Space | Division of the abdominal cavity containing the organs or portions of organs covered by the peritoneum |
| Peritoneum | Fine fibrous tissue surrounding the interior of most of the abdominal cavity and covering most of the small bowel and some of the abdominal organs |
| Rebound tenderness | Pain caused by any abdominal jarring, as occurs with percussion or when the pressure of deep palpitation is released quickly |
| Retroperitoneal space | Division of the abdominal cavity containing the organs posterior to the peritoneal lining |
| Supine hypotensive syndrome | Inadequate return of venous blood to the heart, reduced cardiac output, and lowered blood pressure resulting from pressure on the inferior vena cava by the fetus and uterus late in pregnancy |
| Inertia | Tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by an external force |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy an object has while it is in motion |
| Mass | A measure of the matter that an object contains |
| Overpressure | A rapid increase, then decrease, in atmospheric pressure created by an explosion |
| Perforating Trauma | A form of penetrating trauma that occurs when an object enters and exits the body |
| Pressure Wave | Area of overpressure that radiates outward from an explosion |
| Profile | The cross section of a bullet along its direction of travel; the energy-exchange surface of the bullet when it contracts a target |
| Projectile | An object hurled or projected by the exertion of force |
| Oblique fracture | A fracture, the line of which runs obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the bone |
| Paresthesia | Is an abnormal sensation such as tingling, tickling, pricking, numbness or burning of a person's skin with no apparent physical cause |
| Spiral Fracture | Is a bone fracture occurring when torque (a rotating force) is applied along the axis of a bone |
| Sprain | Also known as a torn ligament, is damage to one or more ligaments in a joint, often caused by trauma or the joint being taken beyond its functional range of motion |
| Strain | To over exercise, excessive effort or exercise, an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature |
| Subluxation | A partial dislocation |
| Open Fracture | Is one in which the bone breaks through the skin; it may then recede back into the wound and not be visible through the skin. |
| Platelet | One of the fragments of cytoplasm that circulates in the blood and works with components of the coagulation system to promote blood clotting. Platelets also release serotonin, a vasoconstrictive substance. |
| Pulse Pressure | Difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. |
| Septic Shock | Form of shock caused by massive infection in which toxins compromise the vascular system's ability to control blood vessels and distribute blood. |
| Shock | A state of inadequate tissue perfusion |
| Abrasion | Scraping or abrading away of the superficial layers of the skin; an open soft tissue injury. |
| Amputation | Severance, removal, or detachment, either partial or complete, of a body part. |
| Avulsion | Forceful tearing away or separation of body tissue. |
| Compartment Syndrome | Muscle ischemia that is caused by rising pressures within an anatomic fascial space. |
| Contusion | Closed wound in which the skin is unbroken, although damage has occurred to the tissue immediately beneath. |
| Crush Injury | Mechanism of injury in which tissue is locally compressed by high-pressure forces. |
| Crush Syndrome | Systemic disorder of severe metabolic disturbances resulting from the crush of a limb or other body part. |
| Necrosis | Death of cells through injury or disease, especially in a localized area of a tissue or organ |
| Tendons | Bands of fibrous connective tissue joining muscles to bones |
| Alpha radiation | An emission of a nucleus of high kinetic energy from the nucleus of an atom undergoing radioactive decay or fission. |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs |
| Blunt trauma | Injury caused by the collision of an object with the body in which the object does not enter the body |
| Golden Period | The 60 minute period after a severe injury; it is the maximum acceptable time between the injury and initiation of surgery for the seriously injured trauma patient. |
| Index of Suspicion | Anticipation of the severity of an injury based on the events and circumstances that appear to have caused the injury |
| Mechanism of Injury | The process and forces that cause trauma; the manner in which an injury occurs |
| Penetrating Trauma | injury occurs when an object pierces the skin and enters the body |
| Axial loading | Application of the forces of trauma along the axis of the spine; this often results in compression fractures of the spine |
| Ballistics | The study of projectile motion and its interactions with the gun, the air, and the object it contacts |
| Caliber | The diameter of a bullet expressed in hundredths of an inch; the inside diameter of the barrel of a handgun or rifle |
| Cavitation | The outward motion of tissue due to a projectile's passage, resulting in a temporary cavity and vacuum |
| Crumple zone | The region of a vehicle designed to absorb the energy of impact |
| Dirty bomb | A nuclear weapon improvised from radioactive nuclear waste material and conventional explosives |
| Drag | The forces acting on a projectile in motion to slow its progress |
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage | Bleeding directly into the tissue of the brain |
| Intracranial Pressure (ICP) | Pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid |
| Ipsilateral | Same side |
| Mean Arterial Pressure | Diastolic BP plus 1/3 the pulse pressure (there are other ways to calculate MAP but I think this is the easiest!) |
| Neurogenic Shock | Type of shock resulting in the interruption of comminucation pathway between the CNS and the rest of the body, leading to decreased peripheral vascular resistance |
| Orbit | The eye socket |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower limbs and lower trunk |
| Retroauricular ecchymosis | Black and blue discoloration over the mastoid process (just behind the ear) that is characteristic of a basilar skull fracture. (Also called Battle's sign) |
| Retrograde amnesia | Inability to remember events that occurred before the trauma that caused the condition |
| Spinal shock | The loss of spinal reflexes after injury of the spinal cord that affects muscles innervated by the cord segments below the site of the injury |
| Subdural hematoma | collection of blood directly beneath the dura mater |
| Transection | A cutting across a long axis; a cross-sectional cut |
| Aneurysm | A weakening or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel |
| Beta radiation | Is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted in the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus |
| Heatstroke | Acute, dangerous reaction to heat exposure, characterized by a body temperature usually above 105F (40.6C) and central nervous system disturbances. The body usually ceases to perspire. |
| Hyperbaric oxygen chamber | Recompression chamber used to treat patients suffering from barotrauma |
| Hyperthermia | Unusually high core body temperature |
| Hypothermia | State of low body temperature, particularly low core body temperature. |
| Mammalian diving reflex | A complex cardiovascular reflex, resulting from submersion of the face and nose in water, that constricts blood flow everywhere except the brain. |
| Nitrogen narcosis | A state of stupor that develops during deep dives due to nitrogen’s effect on cerebral function; also called “raptures of the deep” |
| Pneumomediastinum | The presence of air in the mediastinum |
| Pyrexia | Fever, or above-normal body temperature |
| Scuba | Acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Portable apparatus that contains compressed air that allows the diver to breath underwater. |
| Superficial frostbite | Freezing involving only epidermal tissues, resulting in redness followed by blanching and diminished sensation; also called frostnip |
| Thermogenesis | The production of heat, especially within the body |
| Thermolysis | The loss of heat especially from the body |
| Thermoregulation | The maintenance or regulation of a particular temperature of the body |
| Trench foot | A painful foot disorder resembling frostbite and resulting from exposure to cold and wetness, which can eventually result in tissue sloughing or gangrene |
| Afterload | The resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome to eject blood; in cardiac physiology, defined as tension of cardiac muscle during systole (contraction). AKA peripheral vascular resistance. |
| Anaerobic | Ability to live without oxygen |
| Rule of palms | Method of estimating the amount of body surface area burned that sizes the area burned that sizes the area burned in comparison to the patients palmar surface |
| Superficial burn | Burn that involves only the epidermis; reddening of the skin; first degree burn |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Anability to remember events that occurred after the trauma that caused the condition |
| Compensated Shock | Hemodynamic insult to the body in which the body responds effectively. Signs and symptoms are limited, and the human system continues to provide oxygenated circulation to most tissues |
| Periorbital ecchymosis | Black and blue discoloration of the area surrounding the eyes. associated with basilar skull fracture (Raccoon Eyes) |
| Decompensated Shock | Continuing hemodynamic insult to the body in which the compensatory mechanisms break down. The signs and symptoms become very pronounced, and the patient moves rapidly toward death |
| Distributive Shock | Is a medical condition in which abnormal distribution of blood flow in the smallest blood vessels results in inadequate supply of blood to the body's tissues and organs |
| Hematemesis | Vomiting of blood |
| Hematochezia | Passage of stools containing red blood |
| Hematoma | Collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment |
| Hemoptysis | Coughing up blood that originates in the respiratory tract |
| Homeostasis | The natural tendency of the body to maintain a stable, steady normal environment. |
| Hypovolemic Shock | Shock caused by loss of blood or bodily fluids |
| Irreversible Shock | The final stage of shock in which organs and cells are so damaged that recovery is impossible |
| Melena | Black, tar like feces due to gastrointestinal bleeding |
| Neurogenic Shock | Type of shock resulting from the interruption in the communication pathway between the CNS and the rest of the body, resulting in decreased peripheral vascular resistance |
| Obstructive Shock | Is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself. Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are considered forms of obstructive shock. |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | A decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a person moves from a supine or sitting position to an upright position |
| Tendons | Long, thin, very strong collagen tissues that connect muscles to bones |
| Transverse fracture | A break that runs across a bone perpendicular to the bone's orientation |
| Barotrauma | injuries caused by changes in pressure. |
| Barotrauma that occurs from increasing pressure during a diving descent is commonly called: | "The Squeeze" |
| Conduction | Moving electrons, ions, heat, or sound waves through a conductor or conducting medium |
| Convection | Transfer of heat via currents in liquids or gases |
| Decompression sickness | Development of nitrogen bubbles within the tissues from a rapid reduction of air pressure when a diver returns to the surface; also called "the bends" or "dysbarism" |
| Drowning | The process of experiencing respiratory impairment as the result of submersion or immersion in liquid |
| Evaporation | Change from liquid to gaseous state |
| Frostbite | Environmentally induced freezing of body tissues, causing destruction of cells |
| Heat cramps | Acute painful spasms of the voluntary muscles following strenuous activity in a hot environment without adequate fluid or salt intake |
| Heat exhaustion | A mild heat illness; an acute reaction to heat exposure |
| Trajectory | The path a projectile follows |
| Velocity | The rate of motion in a particular direction in relation to time |
| Vehicle Collision | Begins when a vehicle strikes an object (or an object strikes the vehicle). Deceleration of the vehicle. |
| Occupant Collision | Collision of occupant with vehicle. Deceleration of the occupant. |
| Organ Collision | Collision of internal organs with body. Deceleration of internal organs. Results as an occupant contacts the vehicle's interior annd slows or stops. Tissues behind the surface of the body collide and the body comes to a stop. |
| Secondary Impacts | Occurs when the occupant is struck by loose objects within the vehicle. |
| Additional Impacts | May occur when a vehicle undergoes a second impact, such as striking another vehicle, a light pole, a tree, etc. |
| Blast injury | Injuries resulting from explosions. Categorized from Primary to Quaternary. |
| Primary | Caused by the heat of the explosion and the overpressure wave. Tend to be the most serious and life-threatening injuries associated with explosions. |
| Secondary | Include trauma caused by projectiles. Can cause severe bleeding. |
| Tertiary | Caused by personnel displacement and structural collapse. |
| Full thickness burn | Burn that damages all layers of the skin; characterized by areas that are painless and often dry; also called third-degree burn |
| Gamma radiation | Powerful electromagnetic radiation emitted by radioactive substances with powerful penetrating properties; it is stronger than alpha and beta radiation |
| Liquefaction necrosis | The process in which an alkali dissolves and liquefies tissue |
| Partial thickness burn | Burn in which the epidermis is burned through and the dermis is damaged; characterized by redness and blistering; also called second-degree burn |
| Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) | The difference between the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). This represents the pressure gradient driving cerebral blood flow (CBF) and hence oxygen and metabolite delivery. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spine. It acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain's cortex, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull |
| Cheyne-stokes respirations | An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in temporary apnea |
| Concussion | A minor injury to the brain due to a blow or hit to the head |
| Contralateral | Occurring on or acting in conjunction with a part on the opposite side of the body |
| Coup injury | Damage directly to the part of the brain that was struck |
| Cushing’s reflex | A physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad |
| Cushing’s triad | Increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and a reduction of the heart rate. |
| Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) | Is a brain injury in which damage in the form of extensive lesions in white matter tracts occurs over a widespread area |
| Epidural hematoma | A type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the central nervous system) and the skull |
| Event amnesia | Inability to recall memories of a traumatic or stressful event |
| What is Kussmaul Sign? | It is an increase in JVD during inspiration. This can be seen in patients with cardiac tamponade |
| What is Electrical Alternans? | It is the changing (decrease of size) of ECG amplitude with every other cardiac cycle. This is due from fluid filling the pericardial sac such as cardiac tamponade |
| What is the location of the highest incidence of a traumatic aortic rupture? | At the aortic isthmus |
| How much IV fluid should be administered to a trauma patient with an uncontrollable hemorrhage? | Just enough to bring back the return of a radial pulse |
| Beck's Triad is made up of what three things? | Hypotension, JVD and Muffled Heart Sounds |
| Pericardial Tamponade usually occurs with what type of trauma? | Penetrating Trauma |
| What is your treatment of a patient in respiratory distress with a posterior sternoclavicular dislocation? | Pull on the dislocated clavicle in an upward and lateral direction, this will release the pressure off the patient's trachea |
Created by:
EMSTutor