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Bone
Bone classification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones are in the body? | 206 |
| The body is divided into two separate skeletons called? | Axial and appendicular skeleton |
| What is the axial skeleton? | 80 bones that consists of the bones of the skull, hyoid, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column, sacrum, and coccyx. |
| What is the appendicular skeleton? | 126 bones includes bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. |
| What is flat bones? | Thin roughly parallel surfaces. Flat bones form the roof of the skull, sternum, thenribs, and the scapulae. |
| What is the function of the flat bones? | They provide protection from underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface for the attachment of skeletal muscles. |
| What is the sutural bones? | Known asnWormian bones; are small, flat,irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. |
| What is long bones? | Are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arm, forearm, thigh, lower leg, palms, soles, fingers and toes. |
| What is irregular bones? | Have a complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces. The spinal vertebrae, the bones of the pelvis, and several of skull bones are irregular bones. Mandible is an example |
| What is Sesamoid bones? | Are generally small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed. Located near joints at the knees, the hands, and the feet. |
| What is short bones? | Small and boxy. Examples include bones of the wrist (carpals) and bones of the ankles (tarcals) |
| What is the gross anatomy of long bones? | Long bones are designed to transmit forces along the shaft and have a rich blood supply. |
| What is Diaphysis? | Long tubular shaft that forms the axis of a typical long bone. The walls of the shafts are made primarily of compact bones. |
| Whay is Epiphyses? | Ends of the bones composed primarily of spongy bone also called trabecular. |
| What does spongy bones consist of? | An open network of struts and plates called trabeculae that resemble a lattice work with the red bone marrow filling in the spaces between. The spongy bone is been covered by a thin layer of compact bone and articular cartilage. |
| What is proximal epiphyses? | End closer to the origin of attachment. |
| What is distal epiphyses? | End furthers from the origin of attachment. |
| What is Metaphysis? | A narrow Zone that connects the diaphysis to the epiphyses. |
| What is epiphyseal plate? | A thin layer of hyaline cartilage more commonly called the growth plate. |
| What is medullary cavity? | Its within the shaft of a long bone is a cavity where bone marrow is located. In childhood, the medullary cavity is filled with red bone marrow but as we age it transforms to yellow bone marrow. |
| What is red bone marrow important? | Its important for hematopoiesis but yellow bone marrow is no longer hematopoietic and instead stores fat asnan important energy source. |
| What are the membraness associated with bone? | Perioteum and endosteum |
| What is periosteum? | Outermost covering of bone made primarily of dense irregular tissue and held on by Sherpey's fibers (collagen) |
| What is endosteum? | Internal membrane of bone made of connective tissue. Also lines the many canals that pass through bone to supply blood and nerves to the bone. |
| What is nutrient foramen? | In order for bones to grow and be maintained, they require an extensive blood supply. They are a tunnelnthat penetrates the diaphysis and provides access for the blood vessels into the shaft of the bone. |
| What is nutrient artery? | Transports oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood to the bone. |
| What is nutrient vein? | Transports deoxygenated, waste laden blood from the bone. |
| What is the function for metaphyseal artery and metaphyseal vein? | Carry blood to and from the area of the metaphysis and to the epiphysis. |
| What is articular cartilage? | Covers portions of the epiphysis that articulate with other bones. The cartilage is avascular, hyaline cartilage. Articular cartilage relies primarily on diffusion from the synovial fluid to obtain oxygen and nutrients and to eliminate wastes. |
| What are bone markings? | Surface features |
| Depressions and openings do what? | Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass. |
| Fossa? | A shallow depression or recess in the surface of a bone. |
| Fissure? | A narrow, slitnlike opening or an elongated cleftmor gap |
| Foramen? | Round or oval opening through the bone |
| Canal and meatus? | A large passageway through the bone |
| Sulcus or groove? | A furrow or narrow trough in a bone |
| Sinus? | A chamber within a bone filled with air andnlined withna muccous membrane |
| What are projections? | Are sites for the muscle and ligaments attachment |
| Projections consist of what? | Tuberosity, crest, trochanter, line, tubercle and epicondyle |
| Tuberosity? | Large, round or rough projection that may cover a broad area |
| Crest? | Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent |
| Trochanter? | Very large, irregularly shaped projection |
| Line? | Narrow ridges of bone; less prominent |
| Tubercle? | Small, rounded projection |
| Epicondyle? | Raised area above a condyle |
| Spine? | Sharp slender and often pointed process |
| What are the projections that form joint? | Head, facet, condyle and ramus |
| What is head? | Expanded proximal end of a bone carried on a narrow neck |
| What is facet? | Smooth, flat articular surface |
| What is condyle? | Smooth, rounded articular surface |
| What is ramus? | Arm like bar of a bone |
| What is Osteon? | The basic structural and functional unit of bone consisting of bone cells organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae. |
| What is central canal? | Also known as the haversian canal it runs parallel to the axis of the bone and are located in the middle of each osteon |
| What is perforating canals? | passageways that extend perpendicular to the axis of the bone and connects the central Canal of adjacent osteon |
| Whst is lamellae? | Nested concentric rings of Matrix surrounding the central canal |
| What is circumferential lamellae? | Specialized lamellae found at the outer and inner surfaces of Bones where they are covered by the periosteum and endosteum respectively |
| What is interstitial lamellae? | Fill in the spaces between adjacent osteons of compact bone |
| What is lacunae? | Mature bone cells called osteocytes are trapped within an open space called a lacuna |
| What is canaliculi? | Processes of the osteocytes extend into narrow crevices called canaliculi that penetrate the lamallae and connect the lacunae to the central canal |
| What are the four bone cells? | Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts |
| Osteocytes? | Mature bone cells that maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding Matrix through the turnover of Matrix components |
| Osteoblasts? | Immature bone cells located on the surface of Bones Say produces new bone matrix in a process called osteogenesis or ossification |
| What is the original matrix called? | Osteoid |
| Osteoprogenitor cells? | Mesenchymal cells located with the periosteum and endosteum. |
| Osteoclast? | More. I just think so that remove and recycle bone matrix these are giant cells with 50 or more nuclei |
| What is the chemical composition of bone? | Organic osteoid and inorganic Hydroxyapatites |
| Organic osteoid? | Roughly one-third of the weight of the body is contributed by college fibers collagen fibers are strong and flexible but if they are compressed they've been |
| Inorganic hydroxyapatites? | Mineral salts account for almost two-thirds of the weight of bone |
| What is a fracture? | Repair of cracked or broken bones |
| What is Hematoma formation? | Blood vessels in Bonne Terre or Hemorrhage occurs in addition over a period of several hours a large blood clot or hematoma develops |
| The mass of repair tissues is referred to as? | Fibrocartilage callus |
| What happens when the material calcifies? | The tissue becomes a boney callus |
| What is bony callus formation? | Osteoblast and osteoclasts continue to migrate invert and multiply rapidly and the fibrocartilaginous callus |
| Fractures are classified on the basis of | Whether the bone penetrates the skin, orientation of the, and position of the bone ends after the fracture |
| Simple (closed) | Bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin |
| Compound (open) | Broken ends of Bones protrude through the skin and tissue |
| Transverse | Break occurs perpendicular to the long axis of a bone |
| Linear | Brakes parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| Non-displaced | The bone ends retained their position |
| Displaced | The bone end are out of normal alignment |
| What are the types of fractures? | Comminutes, compression, depressed, spiral, epiphyseal, greenstick, colle's, and pott's |
| Comminuted | Bone fragments into many pieces |
| Compression | Bone is crushed from upward and downward forces |
| Depressed | Broken bone pressed inward (skull) |
| Spiral | Ranged break as a result of excessive twisting of the bone |
| Epiphyseal | Brake occurring along the epiphyseal plate |
| Greenstick | Bone breaks and completely |
| Colle's | Distal parts of the radius break |
| Pott's | Malleolus of tibia and fibula |
| What can lead to the loss of bone mass? | Lack of exercise and stress |
| Can the body make calcium? | No it comes from food |
| What is critical to Bone health? | Vitamin D |
| Vitamin K | Support bone mineralization and may have a synergistic role with vitamin D in the regulation of bone growth |
| What is a good source of vitamin K? | Green leafy vegetables |
| Growth hormone | Synthesized in the pituitary controls bone growth in multiple ways |
| Thyroxine | Secreted by the thyroid gland promotes osteoblastic activity and the synthesis of bone matrix |
| Sex hormone | Estrogen and testosterone promotes osteoblastic activity and production of bone matrix and in addition are responsible for the growth spurt that occurs during adolescence |
| Calcitriol? | The active form of vitamin D is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract |
| Remodeling | When the bone is constantly undergoing deposition and resorption |
| Bone reabsorption is accomplished by what? | Osteoclasts |
| What is osteoid seam? | Bands of new Matrix deposited in the area |
| Changes in the levels of blood calcium will trigger what? | The release of either parathyroid hormone pth or calcitonin |
| Pituitary growth failure | Or dwarfism results from inadequate production of growth hormone or which leads to reduce epiphyseal cartilage activity and abnormal bones. |
| Achondroplasia | Results from abnormal hyalines cartilage development |
| Marfan syndrome | Very tall with long slender limbs due to excessive cartilage formation at epiphyseal plates |
| Gigantism | Results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty |
| Acromegaly | Results from too much growth hormones after the epiphyseal plates close so that the bones do not grow longer but instead to get thicker especially the bones of the face hands and joy this leads to changes in their physical appearance |
| Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) | A rare Tajin mutation that causes C deposition of bone around skeletal muscles and the normally soft tissues of the body there is no effective treatment for this painful and debilitating condition and patience for them survive into their forties |
| Paget's disease | Overactive osteoclast cause pores and weakening of the long bones leading to bending/bowing |
| Types of Osteogenesis | Endochondral Ossification and inttramembranous Ossification |
Created by:
ndnayala7