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starting w. 1 molecule of isocitrate & ending with fumarate, what is the maximum # of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation?
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the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is
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Bio ch 9 questions
bio ch 9 ?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| starting w. 1 molecule of isocitrate & ending with fumarate, what is the maximum # of ATP molecules that could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation? | 1 |
| the immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is | the concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial memebrane |
| How many molecules of CO2 would be released from the complete aerobic respiration of a molecule of sucrose(C12H22O11), a disaccharide? | 12 |
| which of the following statements is (are) correct about an oxidation-reduction(or redox)reduction? | the molecule that is oxidized losed electrons and the molecule that is reduced gains electrons |
| most of the energy that enters electron transport enters as | ???? and NADH |
| In fermentation, | |
| pyruvate is formed | in the cytosol |
| The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation is | the difference in concentrations on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial memebrane |
| which of the following organic molecules CANNOT be converted to an intermediate of glycolysis? | fatty acids |
| Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy? | electrons are being moved from atoms that have a lower affinity for electrons (such as C) to atoms with a higher affinity for electrons (such as O) |
| Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate would supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid? | α-ketoglutarate |
| Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are | 2 NADH, 2 , 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 O |
| Which of the following statements concerning the metabolic degradation of glucose ( ) to carbon dioxide and water is (are) true? | the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water involves oxidation-reduction or redox reactions; the breakdown of glucose to CO2 and water has a free energy change of -686 kcal/mol; and the breakdown of glucose to CO2 and waer is exergonic |
| How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? | 2 |
| In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate | 2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced |
| Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? | |
| reduced | |
| Glycolysis is an ________ reaction. | exergonic |
| Cellular respiration harvests the most chemical energy from which of the following? | chemiosmotic phosphorylation |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | A gram of glucose oxidized by cellular respiration produces more than twice as much ATP as a gram of fat oxidized by cellular respiration. |
| Phosphofructokinase is an important control enzyme in the regulation of cellular respiration. Which of the following statements concerning phosphofructokinase is not true? | |
| How many ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis? | 4 |
| The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to | oxidize NADH to NA |
| Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump ions into which location? | mitochondrial intermembrane space |
| Where does glycolysis takes place? | cytosol |
| You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body? | it was released as C and O |
| What is the reducing agent in the following reaction? | NADH |
| The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mole and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mole. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that dozens can form? | Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis |
| Fermentation takes place in the | mitochondrial inner membrane |
| During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is | retained in the pyruvate. |
| Which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration? | NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain in respiration only |
| How many reduced dinucleotides would be produced with four turns of the citric acid cycle? | 4 FAD and 12 NADH |
| How many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced by five turns of the citric acid cycle? | 10 |
| An organism consumes a lot of sugar, yet doesnt gain weight when denied air. The consumption of sugar increases as air is removed from its environment, but the organism seems to thrive even when no air. When in normal air, the organism is fine. describe. | It is a facultative anaerobe |
| Which of the following describes the sequence of electron carriers in the electron transport chain, starting with the least electronegative? | FMN, Fe∙S, ubiquinone, cytochromes (Cyt) |
| In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? | NADH and pyruvate |
| All of the following are functions of the citric acid cycle except | electrons and protons to oxygen, forming water. |
| Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? | acetyl CoA |
| A young relative of yours never haS much energy. He goes to a doctor for help & is sent to the hospital for tests. They find his mitochondria can use only fatty & amino acids for respir., & his cells produce more lactate than normal. explain his condition | His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane |
| Most ? from catabolism is released during | the citric acid cycle |
| Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? | An agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized |
| During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? | FAD |
| Which of the following statements about glycolysis false? | The end products of glycolysis are CO2 and H2O. |
| Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (C ) from one molecule of pyruvate? | acetyl CoA |
| Starting with citrate, how many of the following would be produced with three turns of the citric acid cycle? | 3 ATP, 6 C , 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2 |
| What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which glucose ( ) is degraded to carbon dioxide (C ) and water? | cellular respiration |
| Molecules that can potentially be converted to intermediates of glycolysis and/or the citric acid cycle include | amino acids, proteins, glycerol, fatty acids, starch, glycogen, glucose, and sucrose |
| where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? | mitochondrial inner membrane |
| In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + ??? to ATP? | energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase |
| When glucose ??? is oxidized to CO2 and water in cellular respiration, approximately 40% of the energy content of glucose is transferred to | ATP (adenosine triphosphate). |
| Approximately what percentage of the energy of glucose ( ) is transferred to storage in ATP as a result of the complete oxidation of glucose to C and water in cellular respiration? | 40% |
| When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the | creation of a proton gradient. |
| In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of | ATP, C , and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). |
| When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? | The more electronegative atom is reduced and energy is released |
| In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions | provide the energy to establish the proton gradient |
| Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen ??? is present or absent? | glycolysis |
| Which of the following is not true concerning the cellular compartmentation of the steps of respiration or fermentation? | NADH is produced only in the mitochondria |
| How many ATP molecules could be made through substrate-level phosphorylation plus oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) if you started with three molecules of succinyl CoA and ended with oxaloacetate? | 18 |
| The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? | substrate-level phosphorylation |
| When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs? | |
| Which process could be compared to how rushing steam turns a water wheel? | ATP synthase activity |
| Glycolysis is thought to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes. Which statement supports this idea? | Glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway |
| In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. These three steps result in the formation of | acetyl CoA, NADH, , and C |
| The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by | substrate-level phosphorylation. |
| The primary function of the mitochondrion is the production of ATP. To carry out this function, the mitochondrion must have all of the following except | enzymes for glycolysis |
| Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6co2 + 6H2O + energy | c6h12o6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced |
| For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced? | 12 |
| Muscle cells in oxygen deprivation convert pyruvate to ________, and in this step gain ________. | lactate; NAD+ |
| Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? | citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen |
| Cells do not catabolize carbon dioxide because | CO2 is already completely oxidized |
| Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of the cell? | glycolysis and fermentation |
| During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence? | food → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen |
| The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in oxidative phosphorylation is | oxygen |
| During oxidative phosphorylation, O is formed. Where does the oxygen for the synthesis of the water come from? | molecular oxygen(O2) |
| Which metabolic process is most closely associated with intracellular membranes? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12 O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? | oxidative phosphotylation |
| Which statement is not correct with regard to redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions? | a molecule is reduced if it loses electrons |
| It is possible to prepare vesicles from portions of the inner membrane of the mitochondrial components. Which one of the following processes could still be carried on by this isolated inner membrane? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? | It is found in the cytosol, does not involve oxygen, and is present in most organisms |
| A major function of the mitochondrial inner membrane is the conversion of energy from electrons to the stored energy of the phosphate bond in ATP. To accomplish this function, the inner mitochondrial membrane must have all features except |
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abriscoe1