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Chapter 12 - Respira
A Level Biology Chapter 12 - Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the different stages of respiration? | Glycolysis, link reaction, krebs cycle, Electron transport chain |
| What happens during glycolysis? | Anaerobic respiration, Glucose (6C) phosphorylated to glucose phosphate (6C) --> 2 molecules of Triose phosphate (3C) occurs in cytoplasm. Substrate level phosphorylation --> Pyruvate (3C) Net gain per glucose = 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP's, 2 Reduced NAD |
| What happens during link reaction? | Pyruvate = actively transported to matrix of mitochondria Pyruvate (3C)--> Acetate (2C) (+CO2) --> acetyl coenzyme A (2C) Net gain per glucose = 2 Acetyl coenzyme A, 2 reduced NAD |
| What happens during krebs cycle? | Acetyl coenzyme A (2C) --> 6 C molecule --via oxidation+ reduction reactions > 2CO2, 3 Reduced NAD, 2 Reduced FAD, 1 ATP> 4 Carbon molecule ---> Acetyl coenzyme A (AGAIN!!!) Net gain = 2 ATP, 6 reduced NAD, 2 reduced FAD |
| What happens during the ETC? | Reduced NAD attaches to a protein and is oxidised -> loses 2e- and 2H+. Electrons enter protein while H+ cannot move across into inner membranal space because its impermeable. 2e- move across proteins and lose energy each time. |
| What is the energy used for in ETC? | Energy used to actively transport protons into the inner membrane space. Builds up conc gradient of H+ ions to move through a stalk particle back into the matrix. This quick movement causes ATP to be formed from ADP+ Pi |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? | Oxygen we breath in binds with the 2H+ AND 2e- and is an electron acceptor to form water. |
| Efficiency of aerobic respiration is only 32% why? | Some protons leak across the mitochondrial membrane, so not all are available to generate ATP via chemiosmosis Some ATP is use up moving pyruvate into the mitochondria by Active transport. Some ATP used up moving hydrogen from reduced NAD |
| Why if there was no mitochondria or oxygen would respiration stop? | No oxygen would mean NAD wouldn't become reduced by oxidation. The oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate would stop so ATP can no longer be made. |
| Explain why converting pyruvate to lactate allows the continued production of ATP by anaerobic respiration? | Allows glycolysis to continue which produces reduces NAD |
| Mitochondria in muscle cells have more cristae than mitochondria in skin cells. Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae. | (more cristae / larger surface area) for electron transport chain / more enzymes for ATP production / oxidative phosphorylation; muscle cells use more ATP (than skin cells)(not just more respiration); |
| Substance X enters the mitochondrion from the cytoplasm. Each molecule of substance X has three carbon atoms. (i) Name substance X. | pyruvate; |
| In the link reaction substance X is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process. | carbon dioxide formed / decarboxylation; hydrogen released / reduced NAD formed; acetyl coenzyme A produced; |
| The Krebs cycle releases H+ ions. These H+ ions provide a source of energy for the synthesis of ATP, using coenzymes and carrier proteins in the mitochondrion. Describe the roles of the coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP. | NAD reduced; H+ transferred from carrier to carrier, redox reactions; energy made available as electrons passed on; energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi using ATPase; H+ passed into intermembrane space; H+ flow back through stalked particles |
Created by:
ksatti12