Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
urinary and reproduc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The only body system that does not contribute to the body's homeostasis is the ________________________ system | Reproductive |
| In the human male, several hundred million sperm are produced by spermatogenesis which takes place in | Seminiferous tubules |
| Seminal fluid is produced by the | prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral gland, urinary bladder |
| What is found in the seminal fluid | buffers, prostaglandins, mucus, fructose |
| The site where sperm is stored | Epididymis |
| If the ductus deferens are cut and tied (vasectomy), the semen will not contain | sperm |
| Fructose is produced by the | Seminal vesicles |
| Which cells are diploid | both primary spermatocytes and spermatogonia |
| Which are the products of Meiosis | Male gametes, spermatids, sperm, secondary spermatocytes |
| The secretions of the interstitial cells in the testes eventually pass into the | Blood |
| Which of the following hormones are in some way responsible for the production of sperm | LH, FSH, Gonadotropic releasing hormone, testosterone |
| The release of testosterone requires | LH and GnRH |
| Based on their response to a particular hormone from the anterior pituitary, sertoli cells of the male are most like ______________ of the female | Ovarian Follicles |
| What structures are found in mature sperm | DNA molecules, acrosome with enzymes, mitochondria, microtubulesin the tail |
| The structure of the sperm contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg | The Acrosome |
| The structure of the sperm that contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg | Acrosome |
| The surface of which of the following is covered with fingerlike projections that produce a sweeping action | Oviduct |
| Which are essential to the reproductive process | Ovary, Oviduct, Vagina, and Uterus |
| The Endometrium consist of | Epithelium, connective tissue, blood vessels and gland |
| A female first menstruation is called | Menarche |
| The spread and growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus is called | Endometriosis |
| The hormone exclusively for females | Progesterone |
| A female has more oocytes before | She is born than at any time during her life |
| Meiosis 11 will not occur | in an oocyte unless it is fertilized |
| Where does implantation occur | in the uterus |
| What does vagina serves as | a birth canal |
| Ovulation is triggered by | high levels of LH |
| Ovulation involves the | release of a secondary oocyte |
| Destruction of the corpus luteum, if pregnancy does not occur, results from the action of | Prostaglandins |
| Menstrual flow begins in response to | falling levels of both estrogen and progesterone |
| Which serves to end the menstrual cycle | The secretion of prostaglandins by the corpus luteum that leads to its self destruction |
| Ovulation is triggered by a in the level of _____________ in the circulatory system | LH |
| Which is a normal fungal inhabitant of the vagina that can overgrow under certain circumstances causing a " cottage cheesy" discharge, itching, and irritation? | Candida albicans |
| The union of egg, and sperm is called | Fertilization |
| In about one-third of the cases, infertility may be traced to | irregular or absent ovulation or poor-quality oocytes |
| A commonly used technique in cases of infertility that utilizes a glass dish to mix sperm and egg is | In Vitro Fertilization |
| Menstrual flow results in the discharge of | the endometrial lining of the uterus |
| Sexual intercourse is technically referred to as | Coitus |
| HPV has been linked to | Cervical Cancer |
| Which is the most effective in helping prevent venereal disease | Latex Condoms |
| The type of contraception that functions by preventing implantation (not fertilization) is | IUD (an intrauterine device) |
| The type of contraception that works by preventing ovulation is | Birth control pills |
| A procedure where the fallopian tubes are either cauterized or cut and tied off is | tubal ligation |
| One of the most common sexually transmitted diseases is | Chlamydia |
| A serious complication of chlamydia is | Pelvic inflammatory Disease |
| The leading cause of infertility among young women is | PID |
| Indicator diseases for Aids include | drug-resistant TB, Types of Pneumonia, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Yeast infections |
| The most common mode of infection for HIV is | Sexual Intercourse |
| HIV cannot be transmitted by | insect bites, casual contact, sharing foods, from drinking water |
| One type of cell attacked by HIV is | Helper T Cells |
| Genital Warts are caused by | HPV |
| In a urine analysis, alkaline urine can indicate what condition | An infection |
| In a urine analysis, acidic urine can indicate what disorder | metabolic |
| In a urine analysis, too much protein in the urine can indicate what disorder | malfunctioning kidneys |
| Urine analysis may reveal | pregnancy, a women fertile period (HCG), declining hormone level in older women, the use of prohibited drugs in athletes |
| Extracellular fluid includes | interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph |
| The following are significant routes for water loss from the body | excretion in urine, sweating, elimination in feces, evaporation from respiratory surfaces |
| What is the process that normally exerts the greatest control over the water balance of an individual | Urinary Excretion |
| Human gain the least amount of water by what route | Metabolism |
| The most toxic substances routinely found in the blood are metabolites of what | Proteins |
| Gout is caused by the buildup of ___________ in the joints | Uric Acid |
| Ammonia is converted to the much less toxic substance | Urea |
| In the kidney, the collecting ducts from the nephrons empty immediately into what structure | renal pelvis |
| What is the last portion of the excretory system through which urine passes before it is voided from the body | urethra |
| Where does filtration of the blood in the kidney takes place in | glomerulus of Bowman's capsule |
| By what structure blood is delivered to each nephron | an afferent arteriole |
| After the blood leaves the glomerular capillaries, it goes via the efferent arterioles to what structure | peritubular capillaries |
| Blood is carried away from the glomerulus by what structure | an efferent arteriole |
| Filtration occurs in which section of a mammalian nephron | Glomerulus in the Bowman's capsule |
| Filtrate from Bownman's capsule flows into what structure | proximal tubule |
| Which is actively transported in the proximal tubules of the kidney | Sodium Ions |
| Which hormone influences sodium reabsorption in the kidney | Aldosterone |
| What is the hormone that controls the concentration of urine | Antidiuretic hormone |
| Most of the filtrate produced at the glomerulus is reabsorbed by what structure | Peritibular Capillary |
| Most reabsorption takes place across the walls of what structure | Proximal tubules |
| Which of the following processes is under voluntary control | Urination |
| Which is filtered from the bloodstream | water, urea, glucose, sodium |
| What is the name given to the fluid removed from the blood but not yet processed by the nephron tubules | Glomerular Filtrate |
| The process of filtration in the glomerulus is driven by | hydrostatic pressure |
| Reabsorption is the movement of water and solutes from the __________ to the ___________. | Nephron tubules to the capillaries |
| Which is a trigger for the other actions | Extracellular fluid volume is reduced |
| Where does the hormonal control over excretion most likely occur | distal tubule |
| What is the function of the antidiuretic hormone | promotes processes that lead to a decrease in the volume of urine |
| When the body has excess sodium, what happens | more sodium is excreted, edema (swelling) occurs, BP rises, Aldosterone secretion inhibited |
| Ethanol (drinking alcohol) is an inhibitor of ADH. Therefore, a person consuming a couple of mixed drinks should excrete | more water and the alcohol due to ADH inhibition |
| Hydrogen ions in the blood can be neutralized temporarily by which | bicarbonate |
| If blood is too acidic, bicarbonate ions enter the bloodstream via the | peritubular capillaries |
| Kidney stones form in the | renal pelvis |
| How a procedure using high-energy sound waves to blast kidney stones into fragments is called | Lithotripsy |
| A kidney machine removes solutes from the blood by means of | Dialysis |
| Inflammation of the urinary bladder is called | Cystitis |
| Bladder infections that travel up to the kidney are called | Pyelonephritis |
| Which is an inherited kidney disorder | Polycystic kidney disease |
| Nephritis will lead to | little or no filtering of the blood |
| The exchange of substances across a membrane between chemically different solutions is | dialysis |
| Responses to the loss of body heat | blood routed to deeper tissues, constriction of peripheral blood vessels, increased metabolic rates |
| Potentially toxic waste products of metabolism | urea, uric acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia |
| Parts of the same organ | distal tubule, loop of henle, proximal tubule, bowman's capsule |
| The result of ADH secretion | water is reabsorbed in the distal tubule, fluid volume of blood increases, distal tubule and collecting duct become more permeable to water reabsorption, solute concentrations decrease in blood |
| Responses to cold temperatures | vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels, uncontrolled muscular contraction, messages sent by the thermo-receptors to the hypothalamus, increased metabolic reactions |
| GFR; if below 60 means | constriction of the vessels, Kidney failure, blood needs to be clean |
| produced by efferent arterioles in the juxtaglomerular apparatus | Renin, triggers production of angiotensin 1 to ang 2, reabsorption of na+, less water excreted. |
| promotes the loss of water in urine, ex caffein | diuretics |
| water loss reduces blood volume, sensors in the brain trigger release of | ADH |
| angiotensin 2 causes | constriction of the vessels |
| What makes distal tubules, collecting ducts more permeable to water | ADH |
| Myogenic mechanism | when bp is high, muscles are constricted, they start to release oxide when bp is low, muscles are relaxed and we do not release nitric oxide (Tubuloglomerular feedback) |
| Tubuloglomerular feedback | High GFR, diminishes reabsorption (higher concentration of electrolytes and water) macula densa inhibits release of nitiric oxide. |
| where is blood plasma filtered | Renal corpuscle |
| Not filtered in the kidneys, need transport proteins | RBC, proteins, lipid soluble hormones (steroids) |
| Filtrate and reabsorption, where | Capillaries |
| 20- 25% of cardiac output is going to the | Kidney |
| When BP is low Renin is released by | Juxtaglomeralur apparatus |
| major waste of fluid urine | Urea and water (uric acid) |
| Hypovolemia (bleeding and sweating), kidney stops producing | urine |
| Neural regulation supplied by sympathetic fibers, during exercise or hemorrhage afferent arterioles are | constricted, urine output is reduced, more blood is available for other organs |
| Where does Aldosterone act on | distal tubules (sodium and water reabsorb |
| paracellular reabsorption is same as | simple diffusion |
| Transcellular reabsorption is same as | facilitated diffusion (we need sodium pump) for glucose, sodium (active transport) |
| caused by severe diarrhea, kidney disease, affects CNS | Metabolic acidosis |
| caused by severe vomiting or dehydration, hormonal disorders, or overuse of antacids, can lead to muscle spasm or convulsion | Metabolic alkalosis |
| when dilute urine is formed, osmolarity in the tubule ---------descending limb | increases |
| when dilute urine is formed, osmolarity in the tubule ---------ascending limb | decreases |
| when dilute urine is formed, osmolarity in the tubule ---------collecting duct | decreases |
| In presence of ADH, collecting ducts become | very permeable to water |
| transports urine from kidneys to urinary bladder | Ureters |
| allows expansion of urinary bladder as it fills | rugae |
| holds urinary bladder in place | peritoneum |
| involuntarily controls opening and closing of urethra | internal urethral sphincter |
| voluntarily controls opening and closing of urethra | external urethral sphincter in deep perineum |
| opening of urethral orifice | External urethral orifice |
| Break down of renal function that occur when high levels of uremic toxins accumulate in the blood | Acute renal failure |
| Diabetes mellitus, KetoAcidosis can cause | Metabolic acidosis, PH is low |
| diarrhea, loose alkaline substance | Metabolic acidosis, bicarbonate ion |
| vomiting, loose acid substance | Metabolic Alkalosis (especially infants) |
| Alkalosis decrease | Respiratory alkalosis with CO2 |
| a little decrease | Respiratory alkalosis with bicarbonate ion |
| elevated | Respiratory acidosis with co2 |
| a little | Respiratory acidosis with bicarbonate ion |
| Major causes are chronic high blood pressure and diabetes, damage of kidney capallaries, toxic substances build up, dialysis may be necessary | Glomerulonephritis (autoimmune) |
| Prostate Gland Hypertrophy | Urine Retention |
| Not filtered in the blood | proteins, RBC, lipid soluble hormone (thyroid, nitric oxide, sex hormes, glucorticoid and aldosterone) |
| Bun | test to see how well kidneys are working |
| The renal medulla is composed of tissue called | Renal Pyramids |
| Juxtaglomerular cells combine with _______ cells to form the juxtagomerular apparatus in the kidney. | Macula densa |
| Which of the following is not in the sequence of proper kidney blood flow? The starting point is the renal artery and the finishing point is the renal vein. | interlobar vein |
| Which is found in the highest concentration in the urine? | urea |
| The primary function of the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney is? | The active re-absorption of chloride ions |
| The middle layer of the urinary bladder is identified as ___________. | submucous coat |
| . The micturition reflex center is located in the _____. | Sacral Plexus |
| Which of the following match with the definition: a poor output of urine? | oliguria |
| Capillary loops located in the medulla are also known as _________. | Vasa recta |
| The primary function of the descending loop of Henle in the kidney is? | Reabsoption of water by osmosis |
| Which of the following is not considered a part of the male urethra? | Vasapore |
| When glucose if found in urine it is called _____ | Glucosuria |
| Which of the following is not considered a loop diuretic? | Chlorthiazide (DIURIL) |
| Which of the following is an effect of a diuretic? | Decreased Cardiac Output |
| The release of Angiotension II causes which of the following to occur? | Increased filtration rate |
| Each kidney contains approximately ______ nephrons. | 1 million |
| Which of the following is not associated with the role of the kidneys? | Release of Vitamin E |
| ADH has which of the following effects on the distal convoluted tubule? | Increase water re-absorption |
| The one of the functions occurring at the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney is? | Passive secretion of potassium ions |
| Which of the following is not considered a component of kidney stones? | HCO3 |
| Most of the solutes and water that are filtered out of the blood are reabsorbed at the _________________________ of the renal tube | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Along the descending limb of the nephron loop (loop of henle) _________ is reabsorbed, while along the ascending limb ____________ is reabsorbed | Water; salt |
| Urine that has glucose in it is usually an indicator of | Diabetes Mellitus |
| The distal convoluted tubule is only permeable to water if __________ is present | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| What is not normally filtered from the blood | Blood Cells |
| Which is reabsorbed back into the blood via transport | water |
| After examining a patient’s urine, a physician has come to the conclusion that the patient is dehydrated and does NOT have diabetes mellitus. What properties would you expect the patient’s urine to have? | The urine is dark and has a specific gravity greater than 1.035 |
| Urine leaves the bladder through the | Urethra |
| The reason why alcohol and caffeine are known to cause dehydration. This is because these two drugs decrease the effectiveness of _____________________. | Antidiuretic hormone |
| What type of connective tissues surrounds and protects the kidneys | Adipose |
| The reason why alcohol and caffeine are known to cause dehydration. This is because these two drugs decrease the effectiveness of _____________________. | They both contain microvilli |
| Every day the kidneys filter nearly __________ of fluid from the bloodstream. | 200 Liters |
| The __________ is the darker, reddish-brown area of the kidney that exhibits cone-shaped tissue masses called renal pyramids. | Renal Medulla |
| Under normal resting conditions, the __________ arteries deliver one-fourth of the total cardiac output (about 1200 ml) to the kidneys each minute. | Renal |
| In what part of the nephron is plasma filtered? | Renal corpuscle |
| Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is indicative that glomerular blood pressure may be too low to cause filtration? | Anuria |
| The reason glucose is detected in the urine of individuals with uncontrolled diabetes is because __________. | the transport maximum for glucose reabsorption has been exceeded |
| The descending limb of the loop of Henle is relatively impermeable to solutes and | freely permeable to water |
| The length and functions of the urethra differ in the two sexes. The male urethra has a double function: | it carries semen as well as urine out of the body. |
| Urine is expelled from the urinary bladder by | Micturition |
| Which of the following substances can be eliminated from the blood by tubular secretions? | potassium ions, hydrogen ions, ammonium ions |
| Most glucose molecules are reabsorbed in the | proximal convoluted tubules |
| The location of the kidneys in relationship to the peritoneal lining of the abdominal cavity is refer to as | Retroperitoneal |
| 65% of water and solutes are reabsorbed in the | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| The process are involved in urine production | Glomerular secretion |
| The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by | Releasing Renin, adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, regulating NaCl levels in the blood, releasing erythropoietin |
| The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____. | Capsule |
| The entrance into the kidney is called the _____. | Hilum |
| Which structure is the first to collect the urine | Calyx |
| Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____. | renal papillae |
| The renal pyramids are located within the | medulla |
| The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by | microtubules |
| The kidney secretes _____ which is an enzyme-hormone which raises blood pressure. | Renin |
| Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex | Interlobular artery |
| The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____. | Bowman's capsule |
| Which section of the nephron follows the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? | distal convoluted tubule |
| The last part of a nephron is the | collecting duct |
| Which area actually secretes renin into the blood? | juxtaglomerular cells |
| Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron? | interlobular vein |
| Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle? | The vasa recta are branches of the peritubular capillaries that dip into the medulla to encircle the loops. |
| Which process is most affected by blood pressure | Glomerular filtration |
| Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys? | Creatinine |
| The highest concentration in the urine | sodium |
| Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium? | Potassium |
| Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I. | Angiotensinogen |
| The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____. | Adrenal cortex |
| Renal corpuscle | Function Filtration (Passive) ; Water, Smaller solute particles (ions, glucose, etc.) |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | Function Reabsorption (active); Active transport: Na1 Cotransport: glucose and amino acids Passive transport: Diffusion: Cl2, PO4 , urea, other solutes Osmosis: water |
| Henle loop: Descending limb and thin ascending limb | Reabsorption (Passive) Osmosis: water Secretion (passive) Diffusion: urea |
| Thick ascending limb | Reabsorption (active) Na+ Passive transport: Cl- |
| Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) | Reabsorption (active) Active transport: Na1 Reabsorption (passive) Diffusion: Cl-, other anions Osmosis: water (only in the presence of ADH)Secretion (passive) Diffusion: ammonia Secretion (active) Active transport: K1, H1, some drugs |
| Collecting duct (CD) | Reabsorption (active) Active transport: Na1 Reabsorption (passive) Diffusion: urea Osmosis: water (only in the presence of ADH) Secretion (passive) Diffusion: ammonia Secretion (active) Active transport: K1, H1, some drugs |
| The _____ is a structure important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops. | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| The process of exchanging a bicarbonate ion formed in the red blood cell with a chloride ion from the plasma is called | chloride shift |
| the relationship of respiratory function to pH of the body’s internal environment? | Prolonged hypoventilation may decrease blood pH. |
| Which of the following make up the pH homeostatic mechanism? | a. buffers b. kidney excretion of acids and bases c. respirations |
| The two major types of control systems that operate to maintain the constancy of pH are | chemical and physiological. |
| The formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water requires the enzyme | carbonic anydrase |
| The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the | Renal artery |
| Which of these factors greatly alter fluid output under certain abnormal conditions? | the rate of respiration and the volume of sweat |
| The ADH mechanism helps maintain homeostasis of extracellular colloid osmotic pressure by regulating volume and thereby its _____ concentration. | Water |
| Abnormally excessive water losses constitute a volume deficit and can lead to a state of dehydration or | Hypovolemia |
| Although both acid and base components are important, the homeostasis of body pH largely depends on the control of _____ ion concentration in the _____ fluid. | hydroxyl; extracellular |
| The cardinal principle of fluid balance is that it can be maintained only if intake equals | output |
| In clinical medicine, the term _____ is used to describe an arterial blood pH of less than 7.5. | acidosis |
| The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the | bladder |
| Normal blood pH and acid-base balance depend on the ratio of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid buffer pair being _____ in the extracellular fluid. | 20:1 |
| _____ is the administration by injection of special fluids that contain nutrients or electrolytes. | Parenteral therapy |
| Reabsorbs solutes and water from filtrate | Collecting ducts |
| Absorbs Ions, water, nutrients removes toxins and adjust filtrate PH | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| Secretes, absorbs different ions to maintain blood PH and electrolyte balance | Distal convuluted tubule |
| allow water to interstitial fluid | Descending loop of henle |
| Filters small solutes from blood | Glomerulus |
| Reabsorb NA+ and CL to interstitial fluid | Ascending loop of Henle |
| Follicular Phase- releases FSH | First day, ends with ovulation, prompted by hypothalamus (GNRH) to produce LH/FSH = EGG to fallopian tube to uterus. l |
| EGG burst transform into corpus luteum-releases progesterone/estrogen, thickens uterine lining | Luteal phase |
| Drop of progesterone level | Menstruation |
| Nursing cells protect, feed new sperm | Sertoli cells |
| Procedures that treat kidney | Dialysis, Liptrysin, Caterization |
| When we loos water, regulates sodium and water, blood is concentrated, produced by hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, AG to AG1 to AG converting enzyme, stimulates Aldosterone, controls BP by regulates volume of fluids | ADH |
| Permeability of collecting ducts, released by kidneys because low BP | Renin |
| Hormonal regulation: Remove sodium and water: Atrial natriuretic peptide released, causes | mesangial cells of glomerulus to relax, increasing the surface area of the capillaries, increases GFR |
| Secretion help manage PH, Rid what | body of toxic and foreign substances |
| If GFR is to slow | Filtrate stops moving in renal tubules, urine stops, and waste build up in the blood increases |
| If GFR is to fast through renal tubule | substances are lost |
| GFR can be regulated by | adjusting surface area of blood flow in and out of glomerular capillaries |
| GFR is regulated in 3 ways | Renal auto regulation, Nervous regulation and hormonal regualtion |
| In low bp smooth muscle cells in afferent arterioles | relax- allowing great blood flow to capillaries (Myogenic Mechanism) |
| BP above normal GFR decreases, has more ION, NA, CL and water, mascula densa | inhibits release of Nitric Oxide, afferent arterioles constrict |
| Neural regulation: (sodium and water reabsorbs) Afferent vasoconstrict , then produced by efferent arterioles, | Juxtaglomerular secretes renin- AG 2- a potent vasoconstriction which stimulates aldosterone by adrenal gland, reduces blood flow to glomerulus capillaries GFR decreases, urine output reduces |
| Macula densa cells detect lower water and Ion levels in the tubules and | inhibits release of vasoconstricting chemical from Juxtglomerular cells, afferent arterioles vasodilate, increases blood flow to glomerular capillaries and GFR increases. |
| BP increases and | GFR increases too |
| Sum of all 3 pressures | Hydrostatic blood pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressures and Blood Colloidal pressure |
| Hydrostatic blood pressure | moves fluid across the filtration membrane |
| Opposing: capsular hydrostatic pressure | it is back pressure from the fluid already in glomerular bowmans capsule |
| Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure | Blood protein to draw water back into blood |
| Where does filtration occur at | Renal corpuscle |
| Paracellular reabsorption | Passive fluid leakage between cell |
| Transcellular reabsorption | directly through the tubules |
| Primary active transport | ATP and Sodium pump |
| Secondary active transport | Driven by Ions electro chemical gradient |
| Symporter | moves substances same direction |
| Antiporters | move substances in opposite direction |
| Parathyroid hormones | stimulates reabsorption of calcium inhibits phosphate reabsorption in the proximal convulated tubule- enhances secretion |
| Diarrhea, kidney disease, affects CNS | Metabolic acidosis |
| Vomiting, dehydration, hormonal disorder, over use of antiacids= muscle spasm, convulsion | Metabolic Alkalosis |
| Medullary osmotic gradient influencing factors | Urea recycling, counter current exchange, re-absorb more water when ADH is present |
| Urea Recycling causes | buildup of urea in renal medulla, contributing to its osmolarity |
| Symporter in thick ascending limb causes | buildup of NA+ and CL in renal medulla |
| Loop and duct cells require nutrients and | oxygen from blood supply to capillaries, feed the (vasa recta) form loops like those of nephron loop in medulla |
| up and down blood pressure have similar osmolarity, maintains | medulla concentration gradient |
| Urine is transported by ureter from renal pelvis by | peristalic waves, hydrostatic pressure and gravity |
| Detrusor muscle contracts | to push urine into urethra |
| Uteroscopy | examination of the upper urinary tract, performed with uteroscope that is passed through urethra and the bladder and then directly into the ureter. |
| Prostate Gland Hypertrophy | Restricted urine flow, prostate growing in the bladder |
Created by:
deleted user